Liberalism, Nationalism and Socialism: The Birth of Three Words

1970 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. de Bertier de Sauvigny
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
French Language ◽  
Old Order ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
History Of

Three powerful ideologies emerging in the first half of the nineteenth century combined to destroy the Old Order in Western Europe and shape its future: liberalism, nationalism and socialism. Little is known about the genesis of the three words that served to designate these ideologies. The most casual research will reveal astonishing contradictions among the recognized authorities, the lexicographers, not to speak of some glaring mistakes that appear in the writings of notable historians. For such shortcomings there is no lack of excuse. Indeed, in order to produce a sound and indisputable history of these three master words, it is necessary to sift so much material—no less than the whole printed output of the age—that the task appears quite hopeless. The present essay, therefore, is clearly open to criticism and revision; it has no other purpose than to suggest some guidelines of approach and to patch together some of the scraps of evidence now available. All this, let it be well understood, being confined to the French language and scene. Similar probes in the English or German soil would undoubtedly reveal different patterns.

A Cultural History of the Home in the Age of Empire

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Western World ◽  
Economic Resource ◽  
Emotional Environment ◽  
Male Breadwinner ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Construct

During the nineteenth century the home, as both a cultural construct and a set of lived practices, became more powerful in the Western world than ever before. The West saw an unprecedented period of imperial expansion, industrialisation and commercialization that transformed both where and how people made their homes. Scientific advances and increasing mass production also changed homes materially, bringing in domestic technologies and new goods. This volume explores how homes and homemaking were imagined and practiced across the globe in the nineteenth century. For instance, not only did the acquisition of empires lead to the establishment of Western European homes in new terrains, but it also buttressed the way in which Europeans saw themselves, as the guardians of superior cultures, patriarchal relationships and living practices. During this period a powerful shared cultural idea of home emerged – championed by a growing urban middle class – that constructed home as a refuge from a chaotic and noisy industrialised world. Gender was an essential part of this idea. Both masculine and feminine virtues were expected to underpin the ideal home: a greater emphasis was placed on an ideal of the male breadwinner and the need for women to maintain the domestic material fabric and emotional environment was stressed. While these ideas were shared and propagated in print culture across Western Europe and North America there were huge differences in how they were realised and practiced. Home was experienced differently according to class and race; different forms of identity and levels of socio-economic resource fashioned a variety of home-making practices. While demonstrating the cultural importance of home, this book reveals the various ways in which home was lived in the nineteenth century.

Language, politics, and the nineteenth-century French–Canadian official translator

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-456
Author(s):  
Denise Merkle
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
French Language ◽  
Language Politics ◽  
French Canadian ◽  
French Canadians ◽  
Shared History ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

This article aims to contribute to the history of Canadian official translators by looking at three activist translators who were also published writers in post-confederation nineteenth-century Canada. All three francophone official translators “exiled” to Ottawa, the newly designated capital of the young confederation, were actively engaged in creating francophone spaces in and from which they could promote French-Canadian cultures and the French language. Refusing to submit passively to Anglo-dominated government authorship and to the increasingly anglicized Canadian landscape, they coordinated their efforts to carve out a distinct and distinctive place for Canadian francophones. Their weapon of choice in confronting Anglo-Canadian hegemony was authorship. From historical narrative, to novels, caustic songs and nationalist poetry, their writings nurtured pride in the shared history of French-Canadians from different backgrounds — despite the traumatic Grand Dérangement and Conquête — and generated hope for the future of their nation(s).

Dead Men Telling Tales

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilda Greig
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Cultural Impact ◽  
National Narratives ◽  
The World ◽  
Peninsular War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soldier's Tale ◽  
Multiple Languages

Dead Men Telling Tales is an account of the lasting cultural impact made by the autobiographies of Napoleonic soldiers over the course of the nineteenth century. Focussing on the nearly three hundred military memoirs published by British, French, Spanish, and Portuguese veterans of the Peninsular War (1808–1814), it charts the histories of these books over the course of a hundred years, around Europe and the Atlantic, and from writing to publication to afterlife. Drawing on extensive archival research in multiple languages, the book challenges assumptions made by historians about the reliability of these soldiers’ direct eyewitness accounts, revealing the personal and political motives of the authors and uncovering the large cast of characters, from family members to publishers, editors, and translators, involved in production behind the scenes. By including literature from Spain and Portugal, it also provides a missing link in current studies of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, showing how the genre of military memoirs developed differently in south-western Europe and led to starkly opposing national narratives of the same war. The book’s findings tell the history of a publishing phenomenon which gripped readers of all ages across the world in the nineteenth century, made significant profits for those involved, and was fundamental in defining the modern ‘soldier’s tale’.

Mali: A Bibliographical Introduction

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
Charles H. Cutter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
West Africa ◽  
West African ◽  
Source Material ◽  
African History ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
Historical Society ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
History Of

Bibliographical research on Mali must begin with the monumental Bibliographie générale du Mali, prepared by Paule Brasseur (Dakar, IFAN, 1964). The present essay is in no way a substitute for such a basic volume. It is an attempt to introduce the reader to some of the best and most important works concerning Mali, at the same time stressing materials that have appeared in English or since the publication of the Brasseur work. Neither the Brasseur bibliography nor this essay takes adequate account of the manuscript sources in Peul and Arabic concerning the western Sudan. Still in private hands or in the archives of Paris, Dakar, Zaria, Kano, Ibadan, or Timbuktu, these manuscripts are largely unclassified and unstudied. Once analyzed, they will provide an important source for the study of Malian history. Vincent Monteil, “Les manuscrits historiques arabo-africains,” Bulletin de l'IFAN, série B, XXVII, No. 3-4 (July-October 1965), 531-542, surveys efforts being made to collect and classify such manuscripts in West Africa. H. F. C. Smith, “The Archives of Segu,” Bulletin of News of the Historical Society of Nigeria, Supplement to Vol. IV, No. 2 (September 1959), presents a brief analysis of some of the great collection of manuscripts captured by Archinard in 1890 and now in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. In addition, in “Source Material for the History of the Western Sudan,” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, I, No. 3 (December 1958), 238-248, Smith surveys significant materials from the Gironcourt Collection, in the Institut de France, Paris. This is updated by him in “Nineteenth-Century Arabic Archives of West Africa,” Journal of African History, III, No. 2 (1962), 333-336, a brief listing of literary works, diplomatic correspondence between West African emirates, etc.

The Rise of Architectural History in Belgium 1830–1914

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 161-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen van Impe
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Architectural History ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Art Nouveau ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Gothic Revival ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
International Attention ◽  
History Of

On the map of nineteenth-century architectural historiographies in Western Europe, Belgium has so far remained a blind spot. While the country’s architectural history of the nineteenth century has already received some (if selective) international attention, with a somewhat disproportionate focus on the Art Nouveau, the historiography arising alongside of it has largely remained outside the picture. Meanwhile, considerations as to Belgium’s particular situation, which presumably influenced its architecture, equally apply to its historiography; for instance its design as a crossroads of influences, as demonstrated in research into the Belgian Catholic Gothic Revival and into nineteenth-century (architectural) history in general, among cases one could cite. While interesting because of its own particularities, Belgium also represents a type of ‘smaller European country’ created in the nineteenth century, whose architectural history has been characterized as ‘often fascinating precisely in the extent to which [these countries] present attempts to resolve the inherent contradictions between the major interpretive models and prescriptions of the English Pugin-Ruskin tradition, French Rationalism, and the more archaeological approach of the Cologne school’. The relatively limited corpus of Belgian architectural historiography — at least when compared with the historiographies of the United Kingdom, France or Germany — is an additional advantage, since it makes the field of study more easily definable and thus allows for more detailed study.

Jeremy Bentham and the Colombian Liberators

1978 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora L. McKennan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
French Language ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Jeremy Bentham ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Prolific Author ◽  
History Of

No English reformer of the early nineteenth century was so much admired by his Latin American contemporaries as was Jeremy Bentham, the prolific author of utilitarian treatises on government, economics, and law. The fundamental reasons for the Colombian liberators' interest in Bentham were undoubtedly the attractive manner in which he treated the explosive question of sovereignty, and his demand for a complete reconstruction of all legal systems upon utilitarian principles. It is even more certain that Bentham's most important entrée to the Spanish-American world was afforded by the popularity of his works, many of them published first on the Continent and in the French language, among the Spanish liberals. Yet the story of Bentham's personal contacts with a number of the próceres of Gran Colombia formed a noteworthy chapter in the history of the Bentham vogue in South America, as they sought him out during their journeys to Europe and the British Isles. Bentham himself was more than a passive partner in this exchange. Especially in the case of Bolívar, he pursued his acquaintances rather relentlessly by correspondence in his high-minded efforts to provide men in positions of power with the models for introducing utilitarian reforms.

Russian Orthodox Monasticism from 988 to 1917

2020 ◽  
pp. 477-494
Author(s):  
Scott M. Kenworthy
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
History Of ◽  
Collapse Of Communism ◽  
The Revolution

Scholarship on Russian Orthodox monasticism is far less developed than that of Christian monasticism in Western Europe. The collapse of communism, however, has led to a revival of interest in its history. This chapter surveys the history of monasticism in Russia until the Revolution of 1917, together with the historiography of distinct periods in that history. One period that has received particular attention is the golden age of Russian monasticism in the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries, from the revival initiated by St Sergius of Radonezh to the great monastic leaders, Nil Sorskii and Joseph Volotskii. Another current interest is the revival of monasticism in the nineteenth century, when forces of modernity such as greater social mobility, modern transport, and the rise of literacy fuelled stories of living spiritual elders and the miraculous workings of saints’ relics, bringing both pilgrims and recruits in great numbers to Russian monasteries.

scholarly journals “We Desire Everything Illustrating the History of Methodism That We Can Procure”: Examining the Methodist Collections at Drew University

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ongoing Development

The Methodist Collections at Drew University (Madison, NJ) are among the largest and most influential anywhere.The present essay provides a thoroughly-documented overview of the genesis and ongoing development of these collections, from the mid-nineteenth century until the present.Particular attention is given to three major expansions (The George Osborn Collection, The Ezra Squire Tipple Collection, the incorporation of the General Commission on Archives and History Collection) which together have helped make the collections at Drew as important to researchers as they are today.

scholarly journals The Franks in the Peloponnese

1883 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 165-168
Author(s):  
H. F. Tozer
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
French Language ◽  
Midsummer Night's Dream ◽  
Fourth Crusade ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eastern Empire ◽  
Commander In Chief ◽  
Of Greece

The period which succeeded the fourth crusade is perhaps the most intricate period in the history of Greece. The capture of Constantinople which then took place, and the partition of the Eastern Empire between the invading Powers, displaced for a time and permanently enfeebled the Byzantine government, and the various western principalities which arose on its ruins had no real bond of unity, nor strength to impart vitality to them severally. Hence their subsequent history is composed of a succession of struggles and changes, accompanied by shiftings of boundaries which are almost bewildering. According to the treaty of partition which was ratified beforehand by the attacking parties, the empire was to be divided into three parts, one of which should be assigned to the Latin emperor who was to rule at Constantinople, another to Venice, and a third to the remaining powers who took part in the expedition: but in practice this was never carried out, and large portions of the conquered territory fell to the share of adventurers. The position of Emperor of Romania was conferred on Baldwin, Count of Flanders; most of the islands, as might be expected, passed into the hands of Venice; Boniface, Marquis of Monferrat, who had held the office of commander-in-chief of the Crusaders, was established as King of Salonica, with the province of Macedonia; other chieftains occupied various parts of Greece Proper as feudatories of the empire; and Athens itself became the seat of an important principality under a Burgundian nobleman, Otho de la Roche, who received the title of Μέγας Κύριος, or Grand-sire, which was subsequently exchanged for that of Duke. It is in imitation of this title that Dante, who was a contemporary of this dukedom during its flourishing period, speaks of Theseus as ‘Duca d'Atene,’ while he calls Pisistratus ‘Sire’ of the same city. Hence, also Shakespeare, following the Italian writers, introduces Theseus as Duke of Athens, in Midsummer Night's Dream It is noticeable also that though the majority of these new occupants were not French either by descent or by political allegiance, yet the French language was so generally spoken by them that the name Frank, which I have introduced into the heading of this paper, came to be used at that time, as it is at the present day, in those countries as a common title for the inhabitants of Western Europe.

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