Two Notes on Ptolemy's Geography of India

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
The West ◽  
Market Town ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Good Access ◽  
The Western Ghats ◽  
Market Towns

The Periplus Marts Erythræ describes the seaports below Barygaza in the following way according to Schoff's translation: “The market-towns of this region are, in order, after Barygaza: Suppara, and the city of Calliena, which in the time of the elder Saraganus became a lawful market-town; but since it came into the possession of Sandares [an unjustified conjecture for the text's Sandanes] the port is much obstructed, and Greek ships landing there may chance to be taken to Barygaza under guard. Beyond Calliena there are other market-towns of this region; Semylla.…” Suppara is now Sopara on the coast above Bassein, Semylla is Cemūla of two inscriptions, now Chaul, and Calliena is Kalyāṇa. This last, situated at the foot of the two regular ascents of the Western Ghats leading towards Nasik and Poona respectively and with good access to the sea, was the natural outlet for the commerce of the Andhra dominions on the west coast, and the notice, just quoted, shows how its trade was stifled, as the Kṣaharātas extended their rule southwards from Broach. It is unnecessary here to consider who are the kings alluded to in this passage or in the earlier one mentioning Nambanus (a conjecture for the text's Mambarus), but clearly we are dealing with the rivalry of the Western Satraps and the Andhra kings. That the former were successful in their policy towards Kalyāṇa is shown by Ptolemy's omission of the town. The order he gives (taking Renou's text) is Souppara mouth of the River Goaris, Dounga, mouth of the River Bêndas, Semyla.

Precipitation modes over the Western Ghats orography during the summer monsoon season

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayesh Phadtare ◽  
Jennifer Fletcher ◽  
Andrew Ross ◽  
Andy Turner ◽  
Thorwald Stein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Radiosonde Data ◽  
Summer Monsoon Season ◽  
The West ◽  
Radiosonde Station ◽  
Westerly Flow ◽  
The Western Ghats

<p>Precipitation distribution around an orographic barrier is controlled by the Froude Number (Fr) of the impinging flow. Fr is essentially a ratio of kinetic energy and stratification of winds around the orography. For Fr > 1 (Fr <1), the flow is unblocked (blocked) and precipitation occurs over the mountain peaks and the lee region (upwind region). While idealized modelling studies have robustly established this relationship, its widespread real-world application is hampered by the dearth of relevant observations. Nevertheless, the data collected in the field campaigns give us an opportunity to explore this relationship and provide a testbed for numerical models. A realistic distribution of precipitation over a mountainous region in these models is necessary for flash-flood and landslide forecasting. The Western Ghats region is a classic example where the orographically induced precipitation leads to floods and landslides during the summer monsoon season. In the recent INCOMPASS field campaign, it was shown that the precipitation over the west coast of India occurred in alternate offshore and onshore phases. The Western Ghats received precipitation predominantly during the onshore phase which was characterized by a stronger westerly flow. Here, using the radiosonde data from a station over the Indian west coast and IMERG precipitation product, we show that climatologically, these phases can be mapped over an Fr-based classification of the monsoonal westerly flow. Classifying the flow as 'High Fr' (Fr >1), 'Moderate Fr' ( 0.5 < Fr ≤ 1) and 'Low Fr' ( Fr ≤ 0.5 ) gives three topographical modes of precipitation -- 'Orographic', 'Coastal' and 'Offshore', respectively.  Moreover, these modes are not sensitive to the choice of radiosonde station over the west coast.</p>

An Unidentified Territory of Southern India

1922 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-175
Author(s):  
K. V. Subrahmanya Aiyer
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Southern India ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Conservative Nature ◽  
The People ◽  
The Western Ghats

Free intercourse with Malabar was long denied to the rest of Southern India by the formidable natural obstacle of the Western Ghats with their impenetrable fastnesses and few passes. Owing chiefly to this circumstance that part of the country remained to a great extent isolated and secure from frequent invasions by other southern powers. This isolation, coupled with the conservative nature of the people of this tract, accounts for the preservation intact of several ancient customs of the Indians. Even in later times, whenever there had been any general disaster affecting the whole of the Dekhan, such as an invasion by the Muhammadan kings of the Khilji and Taghlak lines, the west coast afforded a safe asylum to the rest of the south. There is nothing unnatural in the following exclamation of the poet-composer of the Tiruvālaṅgāḍu plates of the eleventh century a.d.:—“Excepting Paramēśvara, who else in this world could contemplate even in mind the humiliation of that country which is protected by the glory of the crest jewel of the Bhrgu race (i.e. Paraśu-Rāma) and the austerities of its chiefs, and which had not been injured by enemies.”

scholarly journals Geasters in the Western Ghats and west coast of India

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namera C. Karun ◽  
Kandikere R. Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
First Record ◽  
The West ◽  
West Coast Of India ◽  
Western Ghats Of India ◽  
Native Tree ◽  
Terminalia Paniculata ◽  
The Western Ghats

Inventory in different locations of the Western Ghats and west coast of India during 2011–2013 yielded six species of geasters (<em>Geastrum fimbriatum</em>, <em>G. lageniforme</em>, <em>G. pseudostriatum</em>, <em>G. saccatum</em>, <em>G. schweinitzii</em> and <em>G. triplex</em>). Based on fresh basidiomata, illustrations of geasters are presented with macroscopic and microscopic observations. Fruit bodies of <em>G. lageniforme</em> were gregarious and abundant followed by <em>G. triplex</em>, while <em>G. pseudostriatum</em> were rare and solitary. Among the geasters, <em>G. triplex</em> was ectomycorrhizal with native tree <em>Terminalia paniculata</em> of the west coast. <em>Geastrum fimbriatum</em>, <em>G. pseudostriatum</em> and <em>G. schweinitzii</em> constitute the first record for the Western Ghats of India. Distribution, substrate preference, ectomycorrhizal features, economic value and conservation of geasters are discussed.

scholarly journals Numizmatički nalazi s arheološkog lokaliteta Pakoštane - Crkvina

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josipa Baraka ◽  
Jure Šućur
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
The West ◽  
The Road ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
The University ◽  
The City ◽  
Archaeological Objects

The site of Pakoštane-Crkvina, situated at the position called Košević at the west coast of the Vrana Lake, in the immediate vicinity of the road connecting Pakoštane and Vrana, has been systematically excavated by the Department of Archaeology of the University of Zadar. On this occasion the authors selected numismatic finds which were recovered during the last five research campaigns out of multitude of archaeological objects. Total of 11 coins were found so far, covering wide chronological range from the 4th to 18th centuries. Numismatic finds from the site of Pakoštane – Crkvina were poorly preserved. However after cleaning and conservation it was possible to determine with certainty dating of ten preserved numismatic finds. This numismatic material represents a reflection of historical-commercial activities of the wider Mediterranean region, including the city of Zadar and its wider surrounding which comprises the site of Pakoštane-Crkvina as its inseparable part.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Summer Precipitation around the Western Ghats and the Myanmar West Coast

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dibas Shrestha ◽  
Rashila Deshar ◽  
Kenji Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Summer Precipitation ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
Precipitation Radar ◽  
Maximum Rainfall ◽  
Trmm Precipitation ◽  
The Western Ghats ◽  
Coastal Mountain

Characteristics of summer (June–August) precipitation over two coastal mountain regions in South Asia (Western Ghats: WG and Myanmar West Coast: MWC) with a focus on topographic impact are analyzed using the 13-year (1998–2010) high spatial resolution (0.05° × 0.05°) version 6 data obtained from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR). A relationship between precipitation patterns and topography was observed in the coastal mountains. In both the WG and MWC, maximum rainfall along a tight line on the upwind side of the coastal mountains is primarily attributed to rain frequency. However, intense precipitation was observed over the offshore regions. Compared with the WG, deeper and large-scale precipitation systems develop over the MWC, producing more intense rainfall. It is suggested that insufficient humidity deters large-scale convection over the WG, and the atmosphere is sufficiently moist over the MWC.

scholarly journals Gubernur Jenderal VOC Jan Pieterszoon Coen dan Pembangun Kota Batavia (1619-1629)

Sosio e-kons ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Rani Noviyanti
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The establishment of the city of Batavia on the west coast of the north coast of Java, cannot be separated from the role of a figure named Jean Pieterzoon Coen. Although previously Jayakarta (the name before Batavia), was controlled and built by Pangeran Fatahillah, the situation and conditions in the social and economic fields of Jayakarta were not like the management of J.P. Coen. After Jayakarta was controlled by the VOC, through a military expedition policy designed by JP. Coen, the condition of the city of Jayakarta slowly gradually increased in the social and economic fields. The increase in the city of Batavia in the social and economic fields was based on three JP policies. Coen was quite brave, namely increasing trade activities in the Sunda port of Kalapa, revitalizing the position of the islands in northern Batavia as a base of administration and defense and security, and opening the widest door for Chinese traders and immigrants. The three policies, in fact, were purely based on the thoughts outlined by JP. Coen, after taking over the Jayakarta area from the mastery of Prince Fatahillah.</p><p>Keywords: J.P. Coen, Kota Batavia.</p><p><strong><em>ABSTRAK</em></strong></p><p>Pendirian kota Batavia di sebelah barat pesisir pantai utara Jawa, tidak dapat dipisahkan dari peran seorang tokoh yang bernama Jean Pieterzoon Coen. Meskipun sebelumnya Jayakarta (nama sebelum Batavia), dikuasai dan dibangun oleh Pangeran Fatahillah, akan tetapi situasi dan kondisi dalam bidang sosial dan ekonomi Jayakarta tidak seperti pada masa pengelolaan J.P. Coen. Setelah Jayakarta dikuasai oleh VOC, melalui kebijakan ekspedisi militer yang dirancang oleh JP. Coen, keadaan kota Jayakarta perlahan demi perlahan semakin meningkat dalam bidang sosial dan ekonomi. Peningkatan kota Batavia dalam lapangan sosial dan ekonomi dilatari oleh tiga kebijakan JP. Coen yang cukup berani, yakni meningkatkan aktivitas perdagangan di pelabuhan Sunda Kalapa, merevitalisasi kedudukan pulau-pulau di utara Batavia sebagai basis adiministrasi dan pertahanan dan keamanan, serta membuka pintu seluas-luasnya bagi pedagang dan pendatang etnis Tionghoa. Tiga kebijakan tersebut, sejatinya meurpakan murni hasil pemikiran yang dituangkan olh JP. Coen, setelah mengambil alih wilayah Jayakarta dari penguasaan pangeran Fatahillah.</p><p>Kata Kunci : J.P. Coen, Kota Batavia.</p>

scholarly journals Yachts Passing by the West Coast of Portugal – What to Do to Make the Marina and the Destination of Figueira da Foz a Nautical Tourism Reference?

Pomorstvo ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís silveira ◽  
Norberto Santos ◽  
Fernando Perna
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
West Coast ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Delphi Panel ◽  
The West ◽  
Maximum Capacity ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
The City

Yachting appears as a tourism segment with proven and specific importance for the economic and social development of tourist destinations Every year, thousands of yachts cross the Portuguese waters. Figueira da Foz is a seaside city and a destination with a history connected to tourism activities. Despite having a marina located in the city centre, the number of yachts stopping by is still far from this nautical port maximum capacity. As a reaction, and to change this reality, both local and regional stakeholders have participated in a Delphi panel to find out if yacht tourism has the potential to increase. It has been found that both the destination and its marina have the resources to attract and make this territory a nautical reference, and a strategy has been created. This model may serve as a basis for application in other nautical ports.

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