“Maḥmūd” and “Laudable”

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
J. Derek Latham
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
World War ◽  
Medical Aspect ◽  
Green Matter ◽  
Bluish Green ◽  
Healing Of Wounds ◽  
Medical Dictionary ◽  
Pseudomonas Pyocyanea

It is common knowledge that the term used to denote the fluid product of suppuration at the site of an infection of tissue is “pus”. Less well known, perhaps, is the use of the term qualified by the adjective “laudable”. This is hardly surprising since even in medical circles “laudable pus” is nowadays rather an expression familiar to historians of medicine than a terminological commonplace currently circulating among practitioners of the art. Prior to World War II, however, the expression seems to have been common enough in popular parlance; it was part of the vocabulary of folk-medicine. Moreover, it is worth noting that in 1939 it still merited inclusion (s.v. “pus”) in Gould's Pronouncing medical dictionary. In that work it is defined as “a whitish, inodorous pus, formerly thought to be essential to healing of wounds”. Before proceeding to our main focus of interest it is important to point out that such a definition reflects the position of Galenic thinking and not that of the more advanced practitioners of 19th-century medicine. In the age of Lister (1827–1912) laudable pus was bluish-green matter characterized by the presence of what we now know to be a natural antibiotic, namely pyocyanin, generated by the organism Pseudomonas pyocyanea. Nowadays no pus is considered “laudable”, and the expression, to all intents and purposes, went out with Listerian surgery. So much for the purely medical aspect of the question.

scholarly journals Research on the Policies and Means Changes of Macro Regulation and Control of Chinese and Foreign Governments

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Chengrong Cai
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
World War ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Visible Hand ◽  
Foreign Governments ◽  
Macroeconomic Regulation And Control ◽  
And Control

In the process of economic development, government uses the "visible hand" to achieve macroeconomic regulation and control for "market failure", which has been common knowledge among people after World War II. Comparing policy and means adopted by Chinese and foreign governments in macro regulation and control, we can see that the choice is different in different historical periods and the change of emphasis in macro regulation and control policy and means has the convergence tendency. We can make the following conclusion from research of the change rules of macro regulation and control means in the market economic condition of Chinese and foreign governments: supply-side structural reform in China complies with the basic rules of development of market economy.

scholarly journals Divine Winds and Human Waves: The Kamikaze’s rise over the Course of Japanese History

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
ShaoYuan Su ◽  
Andrew R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Japanese History ◽  
World War ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Second World

Japan's World War II Kamikaze-attack strategy has become common knowledge to almost all Americans, with many sharing a preconception of fanatical and desperate Japanese pilots willfully crashing into American ships; however, this essay will demonstrate that the progression to suicidal aircraft attacks evolved gradually over the course of Japanese history. The roots of Kamikaze extend as far back as the Mongol Invasions of Japan, and it rose to prominence first during the Meiji Restoration and then with Nogi's actions during the Russo-Japanese war. This paper will trace the progression of Kamikaze throughout Japanese history to explain how a sequence of events, some directed by chance and others directed by commanders, culminated in Japan’s purpose-built, manned flying bombs that emerge in the Second World War. Understanding the historical context of Kamikaze and its logical evolution over time will help dispel the commonly held preconception of the singularly devoted but maniacally deranged Japanese soldier.

Loving Judaism through Christianity

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-124
Author(s):  
Shaul Magid
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
World War ◽  
Life Choices ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Law Of Return

This contribution to the Common Knowledge symposium on xenophilia examines the life choices of two Jews who loved Christianity. Elijah Zvi Soloveitchik, born into an ultra-Orthodox, nineteenth-century rabbinic dynasty in Lithuania, spent much of his life writing a Hebrew commentary on the Gospels in order to document and argue for the symmetry or symbiosis that he perceived between Judaism and Christianity. Oswald Rufeisen, from a twentieth-century secular Zionist background in Poland, converted to Catholicism during World War II, became a monk, and attempted to immigrate to Israel as a Jew in 1958. Rufeisen, while permitted to move to Israel to join a Carmelite monastery in Haifa, was denied the right to immediate citizenship of Israel which the Law of Return guarantees to all bona fide Jews. And this particular Soloveitchik has largely been forgotten, given the limits of Jewish interest in the New Testament and of Christian attention to rabbinic literature. This article explores the complex and vexing questions that the careers of these two men raise about the elusive distinctions between Judaism and Christianity, on the one hand, and, on the other, between the Jewish religion and Jewish national identity.

Punitive Scholarship

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 233-258
Author(s):  
Michiko Urita
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
International Expansion ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Imperial Palace ◽  
National Archives

This article responds to Jeffrey Perl’s argument (in “Regarding Change at Ise Jingū,” Common Knowledge, Spring 2008) that, while there is a “paradigm shift” at Ise every twenty years, when the enshrined deity Amaterasu “shifts” from the current site to an adjacent one during the rite of shikinen sengū, the Jingū paradigm itself never changes and never ages. The author confirms Perl’s conclusion by examining the politicized scholarship, written since the 1970s, maintaining that Shinto is a faux religion invented prior to World War II as a means of unifying Japan behind government policies of ultranationalism and international expansion. This article shows, instead, how emperors—who are not political but religious figures in Japan—and the Jingū priesthood have acted together over the past thirteen hundred years to sustain the imperial shrine at Ise and its ancient rites. The so-called Meiji Restoration actually continued an imperial policy of restoring and intensifying the observance of Shinto rituals that were threatened by neglect. Meiji intervened personally in 1889 to ensure the continuity of hikyoku, an unvoiced and secret serenade to Amaterasu, by extending its venue from the imperial palace shrine to performance at Jingū as well. The author’s archival and ethnographic research at Ise and the National Archives shows how the arguments that Shinto is a modern invention are punitive rather than dispassionately historical.

Models of the Doctor-Patient Relationship and the Ethics Committee: Part Two

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Thomasma
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Ethics Committee ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Good Medicine

Past ages of medical care are condemned in modern philosophical and medical literature as being too paternalistic. The normal account of good medicine in the past was, indeed, paternalistic in an offensive way to modern persons. Imagine a Jean Paul Sartre going to the doctor and being treated without his consent or even his knowledge of what will transpire during treatment! From Hippocratic times until shortly after World War II, medicine operated in a closed, clubby manner. The knowledge learned in medicine was not shared with the patients, who were in general poorly educated and for the most part completely ignorant of the craft of medicine and the physicians (but not, perhaps, of folk medicine). Physicians were cautioned against telling patients too much about their Illness and/or their recovery, perhaps because physicians themselves did not have an enormous armamentarium to confront disease.

The common sense of economics and divergent approaches in economic thought: a view from Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Peter J. Boettke ◽  
Rosolino A. Candela
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Price Theory ◽  
World War ◽  
Sufficient Statistics ◽  
The Common ◽  
Risk Uncertainty ◽  
Development Of Economic Theory

Abstract This paper evaluates the contribution of Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit to the development of economic theory in the 20th century. Our argument in this paper is twofold. First, we contend that this book embodied what had been the common knowledge of early neoclassical economics prior to World War II (WWII). Second, we also argue that embryonic to Knight's account of economics were two divergent approaches to economic thought that emerged after WWII. The first approach, what has come to be known as microeconomics, is characterized by utility maximization under fixed price, income, and institutional parameters that approximate equilibrium. This first approach is distinct from a second approach, referred to as price theory, in which prices are not sufficient statistics, as in microeconomics, but operate as guides to consumption and production decisions under alternative institutional arrangements. This second approach not only represented the continuation of the mainline1 of economic thought from its classical and early neoclassical roots. It also embodies the basis for Knight's understanding of uncertainty, profit and entrepreneurship, as well as its implications for economic organization and social progress.

scholarly journals Mokranjac in the works of his successors - from the citation imitation to the citation polemics

Muzikologija ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 199-220
Author(s):  
Sasa Bozidarevic
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Choral Music ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
World War ◽  
Choral Works ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Alternative Solutions

Using the interdisciplinary approach to Stevan Mokranjac?s Garlands [Rukoveti] and his successors in the Serbian choral music after World War II, while simultaneously relying on Dubravka Oraic Tolic?s Theory of Citation (1990), I have continued the work of distinguished scholars in the field of Serbian postwar music and their diverse analytical experiences. Whilst critically evaluating the existing analytical interpretations, in this article I have pointed to the alternative solutions and interpretations of the relevant issues of the organisation of the musical flow of Garlands and related formal types in almost all relevant musicotextual segments. Departing from the problems posed by the phenomena of intertextuality and citational procedures as elaborated by Dubravka Oraic Tolic, in this article I focus on their different embodiments as established in the relation between Stevan Mokranjac?s Garlands and garlands and similar forms of the second half of the 20th century; I also specify analytical methods and their creative application on the analysis of individual choral works. During this process, certain different types of the intertexual communication in the garlands written by members of different generations required more precise definition, i.e. additions and redefining of the existing terminology of the theory of citations, and an introduction of new terms. The selected analysed sample incorporates both the works that nowadays constitute the basis of the choral concert repertoire, and the works which are nowadays mostly neglected and not so attractive to performers and music theorists.Analytical issues discussed in this study have repeatedly pointed to the importance of Stevan Mokranjac?s Garlands as a paradigm for the authors of the second half of the 20th century, and repeated the vitality of his creative contributions to Serbian music. This has, in turn, reinforced the common knowledge on the work of Mokranjac as the fundament for the development of contemporary Serbian music.

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