The common sense of economics and divergent approaches in economic thought: a view from Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Peter J. Boettke ◽  
Rosolino A. Candela
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Price Theory ◽  
World War ◽  
Sufficient Statistics ◽  
The Common ◽  
Risk Uncertainty ◽  
Development Of Economic Theory

Abstract This paper evaluates the contribution of Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit to the development of economic theory in the 20th century. Our argument in this paper is twofold. First, we contend that this book embodied what had been the common knowledge of early neoclassical economics prior to World War II (WWII). Second, we also argue that embryonic to Knight's account of economics were two divergent approaches to economic thought that emerged after WWII. The first approach, what has come to be known as microeconomics, is characterized by utility maximization under fixed price, income, and institutional parameters that approximate equilibrium. This first approach is distinct from a second approach, referred to as price theory, in which prices are not sufficient statistics, as in microeconomics, but operate as guides to consumption and production decisions under alternative institutional arrangements. This second approach not only represented the continuation of the mainline1 of economic thought from its classical and early neoclassical roots. It also embodies the basis for Knight's understanding of uncertainty, profit and entrepreneurship, as well as its implications for economic organization and social progress.

Loving Judaism through Christianity

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-124
Author(s):  
Shaul Magid
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
World War ◽  
Life Choices ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Law Of Return

This contribution to the Common Knowledge symposium on xenophilia examines the life choices of two Jews who loved Christianity. Elijah Zvi Soloveitchik, born into an ultra-Orthodox, nineteenth-century rabbinic dynasty in Lithuania, spent much of his life writing a Hebrew commentary on the Gospels in order to document and argue for the symmetry or symbiosis that he perceived between Judaism and Christianity. Oswald Rufeisen, from a twentieth-century secular Zionist background in Poland, converted to Catholicism during World War II, became a monk, and attempted to immigrate to Israel as a Jew in 1958. Rufeisen, while permitted to move to Israel to join a Carmelite monastery in Haifa, was denied the right to immediate citizenship of Israel which the Law of Return guarantees to all bona fide Jews. And this particular Soloveitchik has largely been forgotten, given the limits of Jewish interest in the New Testament and of Christian attention to rabbinic literature. This article explores the complex and vexing questions that the careers of these two men raise about the elusive distinctions between Judaism and Christianity, on the one hand, and, on the other, between the Jewish religion and Jewish national identity.

scholarly journals Mokranjac in the works of his successors - from the citation imitation to the citation polemics

Muzikologija ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 199-220
Author(s):  
Sasa Bozidarevic
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Choral Music ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
World War ◽  
Choral Works ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Alternative Solutions

Using the interdisciplinary approach to Stevan Mokranjac?s Garlands [Rukoveti] and his successors in the Serbian choral music after World War II, while simultaneously relying on Dubravka Oraic Tolic?s Theory of Citation (1990), I have continued the work of distinguished scholars in the field of Serbian postwar music and their diverse analytical experiences. Whilst critically evaluating the existing analytical interpretations, in this article I have pointed to the alternative solutions and interpretations of the relevant issues of the organisation of the musical flow of Garlands and related formal types in almost all relevant musicotextual segments. Departing from the problems posed by the phenomena of intertextuality and citational procedures as elaborated by Dubravka Oraic Tolic, in this article I focus on their different embodiments as established in the relation between Stevan Mokranjac?s Garlands and garlands and similar forms of the second half of the 20th century; I also specify analytical methods and their creative application on the analysis of individual choral works. During this process, certain different types of the intertexual communication in the garlands written by members of different generations required more precise definition, i.e. additions and redefining of the existing terminology of the theory of citations, and an introduction of new terms. The selected analysed sample incorporates both the works that nowadays constitute the basis of the choral concert repertoire, and the works which are nowadays mostly neglected and not so attractive to performers and music theorists.Analytical issues discussed in this study have repeatedly pointed to the importance of Stevan Mokranjac?s Garlands as a paradigm for the authors of the second half of the 20th century, and repeated the vitality of his creative contributions to Serbian music. This has, in turn, reinforced the common knowledge on the work of Mokranjac as the fundament for the development of contemporary Serbian music.

Charles de Gaulle and European Community

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-3) ◽  
pp. 70-81
Author(s):  
David Ramiro Troitino ◽  
Tanel Kerikmae ◽  
Olga Shumilo
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
European Community ◽  
World War ◽  
Charles De Gaulle ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Post War ◽  
De Gaulle

This article highlights the role of Charles de Gaulle in the history of united post-war Europe, his approaches to the internal and foreign French policies, also vetoing the membership of the United Kingdom in the European Community. The authors describe the emergence of De Gaulle as a politician, his uneasy relationship with Roosevelt and Churchill during World War II, also the roots of developing a “nationalistic” approach to regional policy after the end of the war. The article also considers the emergence of the Common Agricultural Policy (hereinafter - CAP), one of Charles de Gaulle’s biggest achievements in foreign policy, and the reasons for the Fouchet Plan defeat.

The public image of women in post-Taliban Afghanistan

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Dr Rose Fazli ◽  
Dr Anahita Seifi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Public Image ◽  
World War ◽  
Afghan Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Afghan Woman

The present article is an attempt to offer the concept of political development from a novel perspective and perceive the Afghan Women image in accordance with the aforementioned viewpoint. To do so, first many efforts have been made to elucidate the author’s outlook as it contrasts with the classic stance of the concept of power and political development by reviewing the literature in development and particularly political development during the previous decades. For example Post-World War II approaches to political development which consider political development, from the Hobbesian perspective toward power, as one of the functions of government. However in a different view of power, political development found another place when it has been understood via postmodern approaches, it means power in a network of relationships, not limited to the one-way relationship between ruler and obedient. Therefore newer concept and forces find their way on political development likewise “image” as a considerable social, political and cultural concept and women as the new force. Then, the meaning of “image” as a symbolic one portraying the common universal aspect is explained. The Afghan woman image emphasizing the historic period of 2001 till now is scrutinized both formally and informally and finally the relationship between this reproduced image of Afghan women and Afghanistan political development from a novel perspective of understanding is represented.

scholarly journals The Role the Static Maximization Approach Plays in Neoclassical Analyses

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Toboso
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Choice ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Nobel Prize Winner ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
World War ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
Basic Purpose

This is an article on the methodology of economic thought. The critical assessment of the neoclassical research programme contained here basically comes from the contributions of J.M. Buchanan, Nobel prize winner in Economics 1986. These comments are aimed at pointing out the role that the static maximization approach plays in neoclassical analyses since L. Robbins and P. Samuelson’s influential contributions came about after World War II. Just to complement this basic purpose, I present in section 4 the alternative methodological foundations J.M. Buchanan proposes and uses to replace the static maximization approach when building public choice analyses and I sketch in section 5 several personal comments about some explanatory and prescriptive limitations both neoclassical and public choice analyses share. Except in rare and anomalous cases, neither neoclassical nor public choice analyses contain concepts making reference to the non-voluntary or power influences some individuals might exercise over others in their economic interactions. “In a brief treatment it is helpful to make bold charges against ideas or positions taken by leading figures. In this respect I propose to take on Lord Robbins as an adversary and to state, categorically, that his all too persuasive delineation of our subject field has served to retard, rather than to advance, scientific progress.” [Buchanan, J.M. (1964), p. 20.]

scholarly journals Iran’s Foreign Policy in 1933-1939: Problems of Diversifying Relations with Leading World Powers

2021 ◽  
pp. 309-326
Author(s):  
A. K. Dudaiti
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy Strategy ◽  
Crisis Situation ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Common

The article is devoted to the problems of modernizing Iran’s foreign policy strategy on the eve of World War II, the implementation of a set of measures to diversify its relations with the leading world powers. The factors influencing the formation of the conflict relations of Iran with Great Britain and the USSR are revealed. The features of the nationalist policy of the Reza Shah regime, aimed at liberating the country from British control and weakening Soviet influence in the country, are traced. Particular attention is paid to the formation of a pro-German course in Iran’s foreign policy. The author emphasizes that the ideological factor (Nazi propaganda about the common Aryan origin of the Germans and Iranians) played an important role in the rapprochement of the Shah’s regime of Iran with the Nazi leadership of Germany. It is stated that the rapprochement of Iran with Germany contributed to the growth of tension in Europe, the intensification of the confrontation between the bloc of fascist states and the camp of anti-fascist forces. It is also noted that as a result of the Iranian-German rapprochement, Moscow’s relations with Tehran found themselves in a crisis situation: the strengthening of Nazi influence in Iran prompted the USSR leadership to take urgent measures to ensure reliable protection of the country’s southern borders against the threat of a German attack.

scholarly journals War Memory and Mizoguchi’s Film

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumie Yatagai
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Japanese Society ◽  
World War ◽  
Common Life ◽  
War Memory ◽  
The Public ◽  
Japanese Film ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Common ◽  
Kenji Mizoguchi

This paper focuses on the Japanese film director called Kenji Mizoguchi who worked not only the making films but gave the caricature impact to the Japanese society. He was touching with the Japanese philosophy and spirit before and after the World War II. He described the common life of the Japanese life, especially tracing on how the women were dis-treated because of the context of the machismo in the public and at home. Also, the women were prohibited to have good education. The Japanese women at that time had a harsh moment to find their identity. For instance, as I experienced the poverty and discriminations just to be a women, Mizoguchi’s film encouraged me and opened a door to the new life.

scholarly journals «Вкусная и здоровая пища» в повседневных женских практиках нестоличного советского города 1950–1960-х гг.

2021 ◽  
pp. 260-274
Author(s):  
Наталья Львовна Пушкарева ◽  
Ирина Владимировна Богдашина
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Household Chores ◽  
Lower Volga ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
The World ◽  
Ethnographic Observation ◽  
Cooking Practices ◽  
The Common

Советская женская повседневность в 1950–1960-х гг. редко бывает предметом пристального этнографического наблюдения. В центре внимания данной статьи – ее такая важная сторона, как приобретение и заготовка продуктов питания, а именно вопросы, связанные с приготовлением пищи, обеспечением едой детей, родных и близких в условиях возрождавшегося после войны хозяйства Волгограда. Обращение к эго-документам крупного нестоличного региона Нижнего Поволжья позволило выявить и сравнить общее и особенное в повседневно-бытовых практиках приготовления пищи, уяснить отношение самих женщин к предпринимаемым государством попыткам облегчить их домашний труд как хозяек, выявить полулегальные (получение в обход очереди, из-под прилавка) и противозаконные (блат) способы «накармливания» своих семей. По мнению авторов, в условиях скрытого дефицита товаров женщины сталкивались со многими трудностями (очереди, нехватки, лишения), но неся бремя нескончаемых домашних дел, считали порой время, затраченное на них, формой отдыха и досуга. Домашнее, a не общественное питание, было основной формой потребления в провинциальном городе Нижнего Поволжья. Жительницы этого города, совмещая множество социальных ролей, неся двойную нагрузку (на работе и дома), ежедневно выполняли свои обязательства, нанося ущерб профессиональным перспективам, здоровью, отдыху и, не осознавая этой дискриминации, продолжали выполнять вмененные им обществом традиционно «женские» домашние обязанности. Everyday life of Soviet women in the 1950s–1960s is rarely a subject of ethnographic observation. This article focuses on such an important aspect of this life as purchase and preparation of food and issues related to cooking, providing food for children, relatives and friends in the Volgograd region while the economy was recovering after the World War II. Using ego-documents of a large non-capital region of the Lower Volga the study identified and compared the common and the particular in everyday cooking practices, clarified the attitude of women themselves towards the efforts undertaken by the state to facilitate their domestic work as housewives, identified semi-legal (bypassing the queue, purchasing “under the counter”) and illegal (nepotism) ways of "feeding" their families. In conditions of a hidden shortage of goods, women faced many difficulties (queues, shortages, deprivations), but continued to bear the burden of endless household chores, sometimes considering the time spent on them as a form of rest and leisure.

scholarly journals Research on the Policies and Means Changes of Macro Regulation and Control of Chinese and Foreign Governments

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Chengrong Cai
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
World War ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Visible Hand ◽  
Foreign Governments ◽  
Macroeconomic Regulation And Control ◽  
And Control

In the process of economic development, government uses the "visible hand" to achieve macroeconomic regulation and control for "market failure", which has been common knowledge among people after World War II. Comparing policy and means adopted by Chinese and foreign governments in macro regulation and control, we can see that the choice is different in different historical periods and the change of emphasis in macro regulation and control policy and means has the convergence tendency. We can make the following conclusion from research of the change rules of macro regulation and control means in the market economic condition of Chinese and foreign governments: supply-side structural reform in China complies with the basic rules of development of market economy.

“Maḥmūd” and “Laudable”

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
J. Derek Latham
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
World War ◽  
Medical Aspect ◽  
Green Matter ◽  
Bluish Green ◽  
Healing Of Wounds ◽  
Medical Dictionary ◽  
Pseudomonas Pyocyanea

It is common knowledge that the term used to denote the fluid product of suppuration at the site of an infection of tissue is “pus”. Less well known, perhaps, is the use of the term qualified by the adjective “laudable”. This is hardly surprising since even in medical circles “laudable pus” is nowadays rather an expression familiar to historians of medicine than a terminological commonplace currently circulating among practitioners of the art. Prior to World War II, however, the expression seems to have been common enough in popular parlance; it was part of the vocabulary of folk-medicine. Moreover, it is worth noting that in 1939 it still merited inclusion (s.v. “pus”) in Gould's Pronouncing medical dictionary. In that work it is defined as “a whitish, inodorous pus, formerly thought to be essential to healing of wounds”. Before proceeding to our main focus of interest it is important to point out that such a definition reflects the position of Galenic thinking and not that of the more advanced practitioners of 19th-century medicine. In the age of Lister (1827–1912) laudable pus was bluish-green matter characterized by the presence of what we now know to be a natural antibiotic, namely pyocyanin, generated by the organism Pseudomonas pyocyanea. Nowadays no pus is considered “laudable”, and the expression, to all intents and purposes, went out with Listerian surgery. So much for the purely medical aspect of the question.

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