Douglas L. Biggs, Sharon D. Michalove, and A. Compton Reeves, eds., Reputation and Representation in Fifteenth-Century Europe. (The Northern World. North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD: Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 8.) Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2004. Pp. vi, 357 plus black-and-white and color figures. $160.

Speculum ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 81 (02) ◽  
pp. 639-640
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Baltic

scholarly journals Bremen’s trade with the North Atlantic, c. 1400–1700

AmS-Skrifter ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Adolf E. Hofmeister
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
The North ◽  
Trading Posts ◽  
Island Communities ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Insight Into

There is little evidence of Bremen merchants in Norway before the royal charters issued from 1279 onwards, even though Bremen had been the seat of the missionary archbishop for the Nordic countries since the ninth century. Trade in Bergen in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was dominated by the Hanseatic cities of the Baltic Sea coast led by merchants from Lübeck. Despite opposition from Hanseatic merchants sailing to Bergen, merchants from Hamburg and Bremen developed new trading posts to barter cod on Iceland and Shetland in the fifteenth century. Traders from Hamburg and Bremen on Iceland competed for licences issued by the Danish king. The 1558 debt register of a merchant from Bremen in Kumbaravogur provides considerable insight into this trade. The Danish king restricted sailings to Iceland to Danish merchants from 1601. On Shetland the Scottish foud allotted landing places to foreign skippers and traders. Merchants from Bremen became respected members of the island communities and in the seventeenth century they changed to trading in herring. Several tariff rate rises led to the end of Bremen sailings to Shetland by the beginning of the eighteenth century. Bremen merchants in Norway succeeded in breaking the Lübeck dominance in Bergen in the sixteenth century. By 1600, other Norwegian harbours in the North Atlantic, notably Stavanger, were also destinations for ships from Bremen.

Catholicism and Race

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Pasquier
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Racial Identification ◽  
American Catholicism ◽  
Black And White ◽  
American Catholic ◽  
Historical Accounts

Historical accounts of American Catholicism are not complete without some recognition of the racial contours of life in the United States. As a people both racist and racialized, American Catholics have lived along a spectrum of racial identification, both reinforcing and confounding the black-and-white boundaries that so dominate American racial ideology. European Catholic colonizers introduced race-based notions of slavery to North America as early as the fifteenth century. Some Catholics of African descent challenged the institutionalization of white supremacy in the American Catholic Church during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, at the same time that many white Protestant Americans categorized Catholic immigrants of Europe as dark-skinned outsiders. The immigration of people from Latin America and Asia has only added to the racial diversification of American Catholicism in the twenty-first century, further reinforcing the importance of race to the study of Catholicism in American history.

A Forgotten Fifteenth-Century Ottoman Mosque and Its Inscriptions

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-219
Author(s):  
Bill Hickman
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
Spiritual Legacy ◽  
Unique Mass

Abstract The Eşrefoğlu Mosque in Iznik was destroyed during the Turkish War of Independence, not long after Cornelius Gurlitt published a black and white photograph of its facade taken by G. Berggren. The photograph constitutes the only remaining visual evidence of a building whose initial construction likely dates to the lifetime of the shaykh whose memory it preserved. The flamboyant facade shown in the photograph reveals a unique mass of calligraphy, including inscriptions, published many years ago but revisited here. These inscriptions add to our understanding of the mosque’s history. My own telling of the phases of the building’s construction involves a reexamination of the identity of the mosque’s Ottoman dynastic patrons, principally Gülbahar Hatun, mother of Sultan Bayezid II. The inscriptions also raise questions about the shaykh’s spiritual legacy. Finally, the mosque’s spatial relationship to a nearby dervish lodge and to türbes associated with the shaykh and his family, buildings that also no longer survive, can be newly addressed.

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