scholarly journals Bremen’s trade with the North Atlantic, c. 1400–1700

AmS-Skrifter ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Adolf E. Hofmeister
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
The North ◽  
Trading Posts ◽  
Island Communities ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Insight Into

There is little evidence of Bremen merchants in Norway before the royal charters issued from 1279 onwards, even though Bremen had been the seat of the missionary archbishop for the Nordic countries since the ninth century. Trade in Bergen in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was dominated by the Hanseatic cities of the Baltic Sea coast led by merchants from Lübeck. Despite opposition from Hanseatic merchants sailing to Bergen, merchants from Hamburg and Bremen developed new trading posts to barter cod on Iceland and Shetland in the fifteenth century. Traders from Hamburg and Bremen on Iceland competed for licences issued by the Danish king. The 1558 debt register of a merchant from Bremen in Kumbaravogur provides considerable insight into this trade. The Danish king restricted sailings to Iceland to Danish merchants from 1601. On Shetland the Scottish foud allotted landing places to foreign skippers and traders. Merchants from Bremen became respected members of the island communities and in the seventeenth century they changed to trading in herring. Several tariff rate rises led to the end of Bremen sailings to Shetland by the beginning of the eighteenth century. Bremen merchants in Norway succeeded in breaking the Lübeck dominance in Bergen in the sixteenth century. By 1600, other Norwegian harbours in the North Atlantic, notably Stavanger, were also destinations for ships from Bremen.

scholarly journals A fifteenth-century shipwreck with Scandinavian features from Bremen. Interpreting the Beluga ship in the context of late medieval clinker construction in northwestern Europe

AmS-Skrifter ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 187-206
Author(s):  
Daniel Zwick
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Baltic

While most of this volume’s contributions trace Hanseatic influences throughout the North Atlantic, this paper examines a possible counter-influence in the shape of a medieval shipwreck discovered in Bremen in 2007, the construction of which is reminiscent of the Scandinavian shipbuilding tradition. With its radially cleft planks, inlaid wool caulking and clinkerfastenings, the wreck displays a number of features that point typologically to a vernacular Scandinavian origin. However, the planks fall into two groups outside of Scandinavia: high quality wainscot planks cut in the Baltic region in the course of the fourteenth century, and a group of locally cut timber — arguably for repairs — dating from the second quarter of the fifteenth century. This period coincides with a peak of Baltic timber export, especially wainscot for shipbuilders. Hence, the wreck is discussed within the wider context of clinker-built wrecks from this period in general and wrecks built of Baltic oak in particular. 

scholarly journals Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on river runoff in the Belarus part of the Baltic Sea basin

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Danilovich ◽  
D. Wrzesiński ◽  
L. Nekrasova
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic Oscillation ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
River Runoff ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Baltic Sea Basin ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation

The dynamics of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and river runoff in the Belarus part of the Baltic Sea basin have been studied. Correlation coefficients between NAO indices and monthly, seasonal and annual discharges were calculated, changes in the runoff in the opposite stages of NAO and its intra-annual distribution were analysed, and runoff trends for different time series were investigated. The closest connection could be observed between NAO indices for December–March and the runoff of Belarusian rivers in the Baltic basin. The highest correlation coefficients were calculated for winter and spring months. The intra-annual runoff differs in opposite stages of the North Atlantic Oscillation. The most significant increase of monthly runoff was observed after 1961. There was a positive trend of runoff at the beginning of the year, but a negative one in the summer and autumn months.

scholarly journals A review of methods for defining population structure in the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Lockyer
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Harbour Porpoise ◽  
The North ◽  
Contaminant Loads ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Baltic

Wide-ranging methods that have been used to determine population structure, including distribution, life history, biology, ecological factors such as diet and contaminant loads, morphology and genetics, are reviewed. The importance of determining population sub-structure of harbour porpoise throughout the North Atlantic, especially in regions affected by incidental take in fisheries, is discussed in relation to management measures. Some practical proposals are made for integrating diverse information about populations, using the phylogeographic approach, for thepurpose of evaluating the need to manage putative subpopulations separately. Examples focusingon the North and Baltic seas areas are used in this discussion, with some reference to other areas. It is concluded that the existing IWC proposal for 13 populations in the North Atlantic is generally supported, but with some refinement and modification; in particular, allowing sub-divisions in the area through the North Sea to the Baltic.

scholarly journals Introduction: The harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) - a global perspective

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Bjørge ◽  
Geneviève Desportes ◽  
Gordon T Waring ◽  
Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Phoca Vitulina ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Harbour Seal ◽  
The North ◽  
Harbour Seals ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Baltic

Introduction to Volume 8: Harbour seals in the North Atlantic and the Baltic 

scholarly journals NATO AND CYBER DETERRENCE

2016 ◽  
pp. 29-50
Author(s):  
STAŠA NOVAK
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
The North ◽  
Defence Policy ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Cyber Deterrence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

The impact of cyber technologies on the modern societies is significant. States have to adapt to the changed security environment to be able to ensure the security and stability for their territories and populations. Deterrence, which usually goes hand in hand with defence, is about preventing conflicts by dissuading potential aggressors to attack. With regard to cyber, the rules of deterrence change when compared to traditional deterrence, because of the special characteristics of the cyberspace. What is needed is new way of thinking about deterrence and a more comprehensive approach to it. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation’s (NATO) approach to deterrence is resting upon the appropriate mix of conventional, nuclear and missile defence capabilities. However, following the 2014 Enhanced NATO Cyber Defence Policy, NATO is de facto already pursuing certain elements of cyber deterrence based on strong defence, declaratory policy and responsive measures. Responsive measures are not NATO offensive cyber capabilities, but the possibility of a collective defence response to a cyber attack, which implies a response with all available means. The article is providing an insight into NATO’s existing cyber defence policy and possible future developments of cyber deterrence at the level of the Alliance. Vpliv kibernetske tehnologije na sodobno družbo je pomemben. Države se morajo prilagoditi spremenjenemu varnostnemu okolju, da bi bile zmožne zagotoviti varnost in stabilnost svojih ozemelj ter prebivalstva. Odvračanje, ki gre po navadi z roko v roki z obrambo, pomeni preprečevanje spopadov z odvračanjem napada morebitnih agresorjev. V kibernetiki so pravila drugačna kot pri tradicionalnem odvračanju zaradi posebnih značilnosti kibernetskega okolja. Zato sta nujna nova miselnost in bolj celosten pristop k odvračanju. Pristop Nata k odvračanju temelji na ustrezni mešanici konvencionalnih, jedrskih in raketnih zmogljivosti. Kljub temu pa po sprejemu izboljšane politike o kibernetski obrambi (Enhanced NATO Cyber Defence Policy) iz leta 2014 Nato v resnici izvaja nekatere elemente kibernetskega odvračanja, ki temeljijo na močni obrambi, deklaratorni politiki in odzivnih ukrepih. Odzivni ukrepi ne pomenijo Natovih ofenzivnih kibernetskih zmogljivosti, temveč možnost za odzivanje kolektivne obrambe na kibernetski napad, pri čemer se uporabijo vsa sredstva, ki so na voljo. V članku so predstavljeni trenutna Natova kibernetska politika in mogoči prihodnji dogodki, povezani s kibernetskim odvračanjem na ravni zavezništva.

Navigational Aspects of Turboprop Operation on the North Atlantic

1957 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-49
Author(s):  
J. E. D. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Long Range ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
The North ◽  
The Status ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Aircraft Type

If navigation were confined to the function of keeping a craft on a desired track, and estimating its progress periodically, then a long-range turboprop would present no features of navigational interest. Navigation, however, is supposed to encompass a wider field than this. In a famous sixteenth-century definition, ‘Navigation demonstrateth how, by the shortest good way, by the aptest direction, and in the shortest time, a sufficient ship between any two places may be conducted’. The economic realities of modern airliner operation give a new emphasis to those phrases ‘By the shortest good way, by the aptest direction, and in the shortest time’. A Britannia 310, for example, which will be the first, probably the cheapest, and possibly the smallest, long-range turbineengined airliner, costs about £1 million and is capable of producing a gross revenue of £1000 per hour. The sum of payload and fuel load is limited in most long-range cases by maximum take-off weight, and the fuel for one hour of flight is equivalent in weight to about 2 5 passengers and their baggage. It is not surprising in the circumstances that quite minor refinements of navigational technique are worth tens of thousands of pounds per aircraft per year, while major improvements can alter the status of an aircraft type as an instrument of transport. Such aircraft should be considered as acutely sensitive instruments to be operated precisely according to scientifically designed techniques.

scholarly journals The Norse landnám on the North Atlantic islands: an environmental impact assessment

Polar Record ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Dugmore ◽  
Mike J. Church ◽  
Paul C. Buckland ◽  
Kevin J. Edwards ◽  
Ian Lawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Environmental Gradient ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Initial Settlement ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Impact

The Norse colonisation or landnám of the North Atlantic islands of the Faroes, Iceland, and Greenland from the ninth century AD onwards provides opportunities to examine human environmental impacts on ‘pristine’ landscapes on an environmental gradient from warmer, more maritime conditions in the east to colder, more continental conditions in the west. This paper considers key environmental contrasts across the Atlantic and initial settlement impacts on the biota and landscape. Before landnám, the modes of origin of the biota (which resulted in boreo-temperate affinities), a lack of endemic species, limited diversity, and no grazing mammals on the Faroes or Iceland, were crucial in determining environmental sensitivity to human impact and, in particular, the impact of introduced domestic animals. Gathering new data and understanding their geographical patterns and changes through time are seen as crucial when tackling fundamental questions about human interactions with the environment, which are relevant to both understanding the past and planning for the future.

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