Yazijioghlu 'Alī on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja

1952 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Wittek
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Distinct Group ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
Greek Orthodox Church

The steppe which stretches between the Lower Danube and the Black Sea, from the Delta southward as far as the foothills of the Emine Dagh, and which since the middle of the 14th century has been called, after the Bulgarian prince Dobrotitsa, the Dobruja, is the homeland of a small Turkish-speaking people, the Gagauz. It is because of their religion that they appear as a distinct group among the Turks: they are Christians belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church. In the past the Gagauz may have constituted, among the various ethnic elements of the region, a group of considerable importance, especially in the southern and middle Dobruja, from Varna and Kaliakra towards Silistria on the Danube. Besides, small isolated groups of them are to be found also in the Balkans (where they are more commonly known by the name of Sorguch): in Eastern Thrace, round Hafsa, to the south-east of Adrianople, and in Macedonia, to the east and west of Salonica, round Zikhna (near Serres) and round Karaferia (Verria). In modern times the Gagauz of the Dobruja have shrunk to a feeble minority chiefly as a result of a prolonged and massive emigration into Bessarabia. To-day even this remnant is rapidly dwindling.

Геополитика Алексея Вешнякова: мысли российского резидента в Стамбуле 1740-х гг.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.A. Panchenko
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Political System ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
South Slavs

Abstract The article highlights certain aspects of Alexey Veshnyakovs (17001745) residence as a Russian diplomatic envoy in Istanbul in the 1740s. Apart from his main goals (intelligence duties), A. Veshnyakov on his own initiative prepared vast political and historical papers for analysis in Saint-Petersburg examining the fates of the Ottoman Empire and the strategical goals of Russia in the Black Sea region. The article examines papers by A. Veshnuakov, written during the last 6 months of his life. In his focus was the catastrophic condition of the Ottoman Empire, which according to the residents viewpoint, could be defeated by Russia in a single strike. Such an attitude was created by his informers from the Greek Orthodox clergy who dreamed about the liberation of Greek people from Ottoman rule. A. Veshnyakov highly-advised to support and protect the Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire and Orthodox people Greeks, South Slavs and Moldavians who always sympathized with Russia. Desiderates made by the authorities of that time have never been carefully considered by the authorities in Saint-Petersburg, who were oriented to the integration of Russia to the European political system and never thought of supporting the Orthodox Balkans.Аннотация Статья посвящена некоторым аспектам деятельности российского дипломатического представителя (резидента) в Стамбуле в 30-х 40-х гг. XVIII в. Алексея Вешнякова (17001745). Помимо текущей работы, связанной прежде всего с разведывательной деятельностью, А. Вешняков по собственной инициативе составлял для своего петербургского начальства целые трактаты политологического и историософского характера, рассуждения о судьбах Османской империи и задачах российской стратегии на балкано-черноморском направлении. В статье рассматриваются аналитические записки А. Вешнякова, составленные в последние полгода его жизни. В центре внимания резидента было катастрофическое положение Османской империи, которую, как он считал, Россия сможет добить одним ударом. Соответствующие представления создавали у дипломата его информаторы из среды греческого духовенства, мечтавшие об освобождении своего народа от османского владычества. А. Вешняков настойчиво призывал российское руководство оказывать покровительство Православной Церкви Османской империи, а также единоверным народам грекам, южным славянам и молдаванам испытывающим традиционную симпатию к России. Пожелания резидента не находили понимания у петербургской правящей элиты, ориентированной на интеграцию России в европейскую политическую систему и далекой от идей поддержки балканских единоверцев.

scholarly journals Contribution of the Black Sea observing system to ECOOP

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1695-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Korotaev ◽  
V. L. Dorofeev ◽  
S. V. Motyzhev ◽  
V. N. Belokopytov ◽  
A. Palazov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Network Integration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Operation ◽  
Real Time Operation ◽  
Set Up

Abstract. Regular observations in the Black Sea basin started in the past century, and quite good multidisciplinary observing system operated in the 70–80ies based on the ship observations. Modern oceanographic observing system in the basin is built according to the GOOS principles. It includes space remote sensing observations, data of free floating buoys and costal observational network. Integration of the observing system and its real-time operation were started within the framework of the FP5 ARENA project and later were improved during the FP6 ASCABOS project. The coastal observing system which includes time series from the coastal platforms and multidisciplinary surveys of the coastal areas fulfilled by the research vessels was set up during the ECOOP. Paper describes all components of the Black Sea observing system operated during the ECOOP project and its applications in the framework of the project.

scholarly journals Decline of unique Pontocaspian biodiversity in the Black Sea Basin: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandre Gogaladze ◽  
Mikhail Son ◽  
Matteo Lattuada ◽  
Vitaliy Anistratenko ◽  
Vitaly Syomin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mollusc Species ◽  
Anthropogenic Threats ◽  
Effective Conservation

Aim The unique aquatic Pontocaspian (PC) biota of the Black Sea Basin (BSB) is in decline. Lack of detailed knowledge on the status and trends of species, populations and communities hampers a thorough risk assessment and precludes effective conservation. This paper aims to review PC biodiversity trends using endemic molluscs as a model group. We aim to assess changes in PC habitats, community structure and species distribution over the past century and to identify direct anthropogenic threats. Location Black Sea Basin (Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine and Russia). Methods Presence/absence data of target mollusc species was assembled from literature, reports and personal observations. PC biodiversity trends in the NW BSB coastal regions were established by comparing 20th and 21st century occurrences. Direct drivers of habitat and biodiversity change were identified and documented. Results A very strong decline of PC species and communities during the past century is driven by a) damming of rivers, b) habitat modifications negatively affecting salinity gradients, c) pollution and eutrophication, d) invasive alien species and e) climate change. Four out of 10 studied regions, namely, the Danube Delta – Razim Lake system, Dniester Liman, Dnieper-South Bug Estuary and Taganrog Bay-Don Delta contain the entire spectrum of ecological conditions to support PC communities and still host threatened endemic PC mollusc species. Distribution data is incomplete, but the scale of deterioration of PC species and communities is evident from the assembled data, as are major direct threats. Main conclusions PC biodiversity in the BSB is profoundly affected by human activities. Standardised observation and collection data as well as precise definition of PC biota and habitats are necessary for targeted conservation actions. This study will help to set the research and policy agenda required to improve data collection to accommodate effective conservation of the unique PC biota.

The Greek Orthodox Church in America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Kitroeff
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
The United States ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
American Institution ◽  
Greek Orthodox Church ◽  
Language Schools ◽  
Greek Immigrants ◽  
The Church

This sweeping history shows how the Greek Orthodox Church in America has functioned as much more than a religious institution, becoming the focal point in the lives of the country's million-plus Greek immigrants and their descendants. Assuming the responsibility of running Greek-language schools and encouraging local parishes to engage in cultural and social activities, the church became the most important Greek American institution and shaped the identity of Greeks in the United States. The book digs into these traditional activities, highlighting the American church's dependency on the “mother church,” the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, and the use of Greek language in the Sunday liturgy. Today, as this rich biography of the church shows us, Greek Orthodoxy remains in between the Old World and the New, both Greek and American.

The Challenges for an American Greek Orthodoxy

2020 ◽  
pp. 203-227
Author(s):  
Alexander Kitroeff
Keyword(s):  
Small Town ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
Evangelical Protestantism ◽  
Greek Orthodox Church ◽  
Conference Center ◽  
Western Pennsylvania

This chapter draws attention to Ligonier, a small town in western Pennsylvania with a population of about fifteen hundred that served as an unlikely site for where the future of Greek Orthodoxy in America would be decided. It describes Ligonier as a home to the Antiochian Village and Conference Center, which is administered by the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of America. The chapter discusses the Antiochian Church, which had begun its existence in America under the auspices of the Russian Orthodox Church and had suffered internal divisions similar to those that Greek Orthodoxy faced in the 1920s. It investigates how the Antiochian Church was unified under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch based in Damascus, Syria. It also highlights the Arab Orthodox immigrants that were members of the Antiochian Church and explains how they admitted a number of converts from evangelical Protestantism in the 1980s.

Assimilation and Respectability in the 1950s

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-114
Author(s):  
Alexander Kitroeff
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Postwar America ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
Greek Orthodox Church ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Cold War

This chapter examines the Greek Orthodox Church against the background of the 1950s. It highlights the rise in religiosity and the upward social mobility of the Greek American second generation. It also explains how the Greek Orthodox church, which was on the margins of conversations about religion in America, found ways to become more relevant and somewhat mainstream. The chapter analyzes the unexpected development and importance of the Eastern Orthodox Churches to the Cold War policies of the United States. It also looks into the combination of powerful causes, such as the Cold War, social dislocation in suburbia, anxieties of the atomic age, and deliberate religious marketing that led to a remarkable spread of religious identification in postwar America.

Church and Patriarchate and the Limits of Americanization

2020 ◽  
pp. 228-246
Author(s):  
Alexander Kitroeff
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eastern Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
New Era ◽  
Greek Orthodox Church ◽  
The Church

This chapter focuses on the state of Greek Orthodoxy in America at the end of the twentieth century. It assesses whether the Church under Archbishop Iakovos overreached in its efforts to Americanize, which alienated the Ecumenical Patriarchate. It analyzes the patriarchate's intervention, which illustrated the administrative limits the Greek Orthodox Church in America faces in its efforts to assimilate. The chapter describes the patriarchate's ability to invoke the transnational character of Orthodoxy in the new era of globalization. It explores the end of the evolution of Greek Orthodoxy into some form of American Orthodoxy through its fusion with the other Eastern Orthodox Churches.

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