Systems of Weed Control for Peanuts

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Hauser ◽  
S. R. Cecil ◽  
C. C. Dowler
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Economical System ◽  
Grade Average

Systems of weed control composed of (a) herbicides only, (b) herbicides plus cultivation, or (c) cultivation only were devised. The most effective systems, involving herbicide sequences plus one “non-dirting” layby cultivation, controlled twelve troublesome species of weeds with acceptable yields of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). On Greenville sandy clay loam, a particularly effective and economical system of weed control consisted of (a) N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine (benefin) used as a preplanting incorporated treatment, then (b) S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate) either incorporated into the soil before planting or injected at planting, and finally, (c) a layby cultivation 5 to 6 weeks after planting. A similarly effective system on Tifton loamy sand involved vernolate injected at planting, 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) at “cracking”, and 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) as a postemergence treatment followed by the layby cultivation. The “non-dirting” layby cultivation, averaged over both years and herbicide sequences, significantly increased yields of peanuts on both soil types. None of the systems of weed control caused consistent differences in market grade, average weight per seed, germination, or organoleptic quality of the peanuts.

scholarly journals Interactions Among Peanut Cultivars, Herbicide Sequences, and A Systemic Insecticide1

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Hauser ◽  
G. A. Buchanan ◽  
W. J. Ethredge ◽  
M. D. Jellum ◽  
S. R. Cecil
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Systemic Insecticide ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Abstract Soil type and weather conditions influenced interactions among peanut cultivars (Florunner, GK 3, and Tifspan), herbicide sequences, and a systemic insecticide (disulfoton). Disulfoton interacted more frequently with cultivars than did herbicides. More interactions occurred in 1974 than in 1973. When peanut yields from the eight studies (on four soil series) were averaged, disulfoton significantly increased peanut yields, especially on Greenville sandy clay loam. On all soil types, except Dothan sandy loam, an insecticide x cultivar interaction occurred at least once accompanied by consistent and significant increases in the yield of Florunner treated with disulfoton. Disulfoton increased yields of Tifspan twice but did not change significantly the yields of GK 3. When compared to a hand-weeded check, herbicides did not decrease average yields significantly unless the sequence terminated with multiple postemergence treatments. Herbicides interacted with cultivars in two of eight experiments, once on Greenville sandy clay loam and once on Tifton sandy loam. In general, GK 3 reacted more to herbicide sequences than did Florunner. Least affected by herbicides was the cultivar Tifspan. An herbicide x insecticide interaction occurred only once (on Dothan sandy loam) when disulfoton increased yields with either the no herbicide treatment or when benefin-vernolate was applied. In general, genetic and environmental factors influenced organoleptic quality and the fatty acid composition of peanut oil much more than did the herbicide or insecticide treatments.

Fertility studies in relation to soil type

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-171
Author(s):  
F. W. Calder ◽  
L. B. Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Basic Reason ◽  
Fertility Treatments ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
One Year

SummaryThree soil types – Pugwash sandy clay loam, Woodburn gravelly loam and Kirkhill silt loam – were compared by response to fertility treatments over two cycles of a 4-year rotation of 1 -year oats (AvenasativaL.) and 3 years of a grass-legume mixture for hay production. A rotation was started each year on a new section of the experimental site during the first rotation so that all crops were being grown in any one year. Treatments were: N; 0, 56, 112 kg/ha for the first rotation, 0, 168 and 336 kg/ha for the second rotation; P2O5; 0, 84, 168 kg/ha, first rotation, 0, 252 and 504 kg/ha, second rotation; K2O; 0, 67, 134 kg/ha, first rotation, 0, 252 and 504 kg/ha, second rotation. Manure was applied at 0 and 22 t/ha. There was a significant difference in yield for the three soil types for first-, second- and third-year hay crops. Manure increased yield of all hay crops on all three soils, and oat yields on Woodburn and Kirkhill soils. There were varying responses to rates of application of individual nutrients on different soil types. Percentage of species in the hay stands varied between soil types and between years. The differences found between soil types support the basic reason for classifying and mapping soils.

Responses of soil properties and grain yields to deep ripping and gypsum application in a compacted loamy sand soil contrasted with a sandy clay loam soil in Western Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Hamza ◽  
W. K. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil

In the low rainfall, cropping area of Western Australia, massive soil structure due to machinery traffic is common on a range of soil types and is a major obstacle to crop yield improvement. Yield increases on compacted soils have been poor in the last decade compared with those on other soils. An experiment was conducted over 4 years (1997–2000) on a loamy sand soil with massive subsoil structure using a factorial combination of soil ripping to 0.4 m (DR), and application of commercial grade gypsum at 2.5 t/ha (G) to address the soil compaction problem. Complete nutrients, based on soil test each year, were applied to all treatments and regarded as the control treatment. All crop residues were retained after harvest and returned to the soil. The experiment was conducted in a wheat–grain legume (chickpea in 1998, field pea in 2000) rotation at Tammin in Western Australia. The purpose of the experiment was to assess possible improvements in soil properties and grain yields that may result from deep soil disturbance and application of an aggregating agent such as gypsum on a loamy sand soil in a low rainfall cropping system. Soil water infiltration rate, soil strength, porosity, water-stable aggregates, exchangeable Ca and Mg, cation exchange capacity, and grain yields were measured. The results of this experiment on a loamy sand soil are compared and contrasted with those from a similar experiment on another common soil type in the low rainfall zone, a sandy clay loam soil (reported earlier by MA Hamza and WK Anderson). Grain yields were increased slightly more on the loamy sand soil at Tammin than on the sandy clay loam soil at Merredin due to deep ripping and gypsum application, even though the corresponding improvements in soil parameters were not as great on the loamy sand soil. The yield increases of wheat and legumes due to gypsum treatment were significantly lower on both soil types than those due to the combination of gypsum and ripping, whereas ripping alone without gypsum produced a yield decrease in the third and subsequent years after treatment. The main treatment effects on yield were additive, as significant interactions between the treatments on yield were seldom found. Deep ripping and gypsum application (DRG) resulted in the greatest improvement in the soil physical properties as indicated by crop growth on both soil types. The DRG treatment increased soil water infiltration rate by about 90% on the loamy sand soil but by more than 130% on the sandy clay loam soil 4 years after the application of the treatments. Strength and porosity of the topsoil were decreased much more on the sandy clay loam soil. Summer rain stored in the soil prior to seeding was increased almost 3 times in both soils. The increase in water-stable aggregates was only 8% in the loamy sand soil but 46% on the sandy clay loam soil. Cation exchange capacity and exchangeable calcium were also increased more on the clayey than on the sandy soil by the use of DRG. Economic analysis of the yield improvements showed that the DRG treatment produced significantly higher profit than the G or DR treatments alone on both soil types, but was slightly greater on the loamy sand soil type. The combination of soil ripping and gypsum application in the presence of complete nutrients and annual return of crop residues to the soil had somewhat different effects on the soil physical properties and grain yields at a loamy sand soil site compared with the sandy clay loam soil site. However, the effect in both cases was favourable and is suggested to improve crop grain yield and soil physical fertility on both commonly occurring soil types in the low rainfall, cropping zone of Western Australia.

scholarly journals Suitability of Rice Transplanters and Weeders in Different Soil Types

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-113
Author(s):  
S. Vallal Kannan ◽  
A. Veeramani ◽  
M. Hemalatha ◽  
S. Elamathi ◽  
C. Umamageswari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Field Efficiency

Aim: To evaluate the performance of existing models of rice transplanters in different soil types, to evaluate the performance of existing models of power weeder in different soil types, and to reduce the cost of cultivation and enhance the rice production and profitability. Study design: Strip plot design with different soil types as main-plot treatments(3),existing models of rice transplanter(5)  as sub-plot treatment and existing models of power weeder(3) as sub-sub-plot treatments. Place and duration: Experiments were conducted in six locations of delta zones  of Tamil Nadu representing three soil types’ viz., sandy clay loam, sandy loam, and clay loam during samba season(2019 & 2020) with  the medium duration rice variety ‘TKM 13. Methodology: Transplanter machine related parameters of actual field efficiency, theoretical capacity and field efficiency and  weeder  machine related parameters of field capacity and field efficiency and weed control efficiency was observed in different soil types. Suitability of transplanter and weeder combination on rice growth and yield parameters and yield, reduction of cost of cultivation and increase in net return and net income were observed and calculated. Results: Among growth and yield parameters, the 6 row yanmar transplanter along with conoweeding combination were recorded higher tillers and productive tillers (16.28 &20.65/hill), number of filled grains (113&145/panicle) seed yield (5922 &5733kg/ha) respectively in sandy clay loam and sandy loam soil.  Similarly, higher net return(Rs.70195/ha& Rs.55343/ha)) and BCR(2.62& BCR(2.28) in sandy clay loam  and  sandy loam soil respectively. Furthermore, they achieved additional grain yield of 1769 kg/ha and 1873 kg/ha with the additional net profit of Rs.37027/ha& Rs.34813/ha in sandy clay loam and sandy loam soil respectively. Yanmar 8 row transplanter along with single row power weeder combination were recorded higher productive tillers (15.25/hill), filled grains(122/panicle)  and seed yield (5506 kg/ha)  with higher net return (Rs.58175/ha) and BCR(2.32) in clay  loam soil. Furthermore, they achieved with an additional grain yield of 1121 kg/ha with additional net profit of Rs.24618/ha and net income change of Rs.24618/ha  in clay loam soil compared to farmers practice. Conclusion: Cultivation of rice by using 6 row yanmar transplanter and weeding by cono weeder along with agronomic practices is important to achieve higher yield performance and net return and BCR in sandy clay loam soil and sandy loam soil.  Cultivation of rice by using 8 row Yanmar transplanter for transplanting and single row power weeder for weeding operation along with recommended agronomic practices is important to achieve higher yield performance and net return and BCR in clay loam soil.

Effects of Biochar and Compost Applications on Penetration Resistance and Physical Quality of a Sandy Clay Loam Soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamza Negiş ◽  
Cevdet Şeker ◽  
Ilknur Gümüş ◽  
Noel Manirakiza ◽  
Osman Mücevher
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil

Influence of Temperature and Acid Scarification Duration on Scarlet Morningglory(Ipomoea coccinea)Seed Germination

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Hardcastle
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Sphagnum Moss ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Ipomoea Coccinea ◽  
Paper Towels ◽  
Seed Coats

When seed coats of scarlet morningglory(Ipomoea coccineaL.) were pricked with a needle or scarified by H2SO4, seed germination was improved. The highest percent germination was obtained with seeds pricked with a needle or exposed to H2SO4for 180 min prior to incubation in moist paper towels. Seed planted in a potting mixture of sandy clay loam, ground sphagnum moss, and sand had the highest germination after 75 min exposure to acid. Scarlet morningglory seed germination was highest (74%) between 15 and 30 C after 144 h incubation.

Influence of Row Spacing on Competitiveness and Yield of Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Buchanan ◽  
E. W. Hauser
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Row Width ◽  
Natural Stands

Peanuts [Arachis hypogaea(L.) ‘Florunner’], infested with sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) and Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC.] were grown in 20.3-, 40.6-, and 81.2-cm rows on Dothan sandy loam at Headland, Alabama, and on Greenville sandy clay loam at Plains, Georgia. In-row seeding rates were equal, regardless of row width. Peanuts were maintained free of sicklepod and Florida beggarweed for 0, 2, and 5 weeks after emergence or throughout the season. In either the absence or presence of weeds, peanut yields generally increased with decreasing row width. Quality of peanuts was not adversely affected; in fact, desirable attributes such as percent sound mature kernels (SMK's) were sometimes increased as the row width decreased. Weed growth with close rows was much less than with standard 81.2-cm rows. Although yields of peanuts were lower with increasing time of weed competition, the influence of row spacing on competitiveness of the peanut canopy remained relatively constant on both soil types. Generally, weeds from either seeded or natural stands produced equivalent competitive results.

Degradation of oxyfluorfen in sandy clay loam soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1038-1041
Author(s):  
C Bharathi ◽  
P Murali Arthanari ◽  
C Chinnusamy
Keyword(s):  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil

Comparison of oxidoreductive enzyme activities in three coal tar creosote-contaminated soils

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Telesiński ◽  
Teresa Krzyśko-Łupicka ◽  
Krystyna Cybulska ◽  
Barbara Pawłowska ◽  
Robert Biczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Oxidoreductase Activity ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Negative Effect

This study used laboratory experiments to compare the effects of coal tar creosote on the activity of oxidoreductive enzymes in sandy loam, loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils. Different amounts of coal tar creosote were added to soil samples as follows: 0 (control), 2, 10 or 50 g kg–1 dry matter. The activity of soil dehydrogenases (DHAs), o-diphenol oxidase (o-DPO), catalase (CAT), nitrate reductase (NR) and peroxidases (POX) was determined. Contamination of soil with coal tar creosote affected oxidoreductase activity. Oxidoreductive enzyme activity following soil contamination with coal tar creosote was in the following order: DHAs > CAT > NR > POX > o-DPO in loamy sand and in sandy loam; and DHAs > POX > CAT > NR > o-DPO in sandy clay loam. The index of soil oxidoreductive activity (IOx) introduced in this study confirms the negative effect of coal tar creosote on oxidoreductase activity in soil. DHAs were the most sensitive to the contamination of soil with coal tar creosote. Moreover, the greatest changes in oxidoreductase activities were observed in loamy sand. Knowledge of the mechanism underlying the effects of coal tar creosote on oxidoreductive processes may enable development of a method for the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils.

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