Effect of Emitter Modifications on Spray Performance of a Solid Set Canopy Delivery System in a High-Density Apple Orchard

Optimally configured solid set canopy delivery systems (SSCDS) can provide adequate spray performance in high-density apple orchards with a minimized risk of off-target pesticide drift. SSCDS configured in a shower-down emitter arrangement have been reported to be the simplest and most economical system. However, existing off-the-shelf emitters used in shower-down configurations have resulted in minimal deposition in lower canopy zones. Therefore, this study was focused on the modifications of off-the-shelf emitters to obtain a desirable spray pattern for adequate spray deposition in all the canopy zones. The modifications include redesigning the impact plate of two existing micro-emitters. Field tests were conducted to evaluate the spray performance of SSCDS with the non-modified emitters (treatment: SD1 and SD3) and contrast the results with modified emitters (treatment: SD2 and SD4). While the treatments SD1 and SD3 had off-the-shelf emitters with swivel plate and static spreader, respectively, the treatment SD2 and SD4 had similar emitters with modified impactor plates. In each treatment block, the apple canopy was divided into six zones and sprayed with a 500 ppm fluorescent tracer solution. Mylar cards and water-sensitive paper samplers were placed on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces in each canopy zone to quantify spray deposition and coverage, respectively. The SSCDS treatments retrofitted with modified emitters, i.e., SD2 and SD4, were observed to have uniform and numerically higher deposition and coverage compared to SD1 and SD3. The SSCDS treatment with modified static spreader (i.e., SD4) resulted in the highest overall spray deposition (1405.7 ± 156.4 ng cm−2 [mean ± standard error]) with improved mid (1121.6 ± 186.9 ng cm−2) and bottom (895.6 ± 149.3 ng cm−2) canopy deposition. Overall, the proposed emitter modification assisted in improved SSCDS spray performances and may be a way forward toward large-scale emplacements of such systems.

Study on Thermal Comfort in Industrial Buildings, Heated by Radiation

This paper is focused on a study between different heating systems commonly used in industrial installations. Industrial heating systems generally raise difficult problems in choosing the most economical system. If several solutions technically meet the requirements of the indoor climate, in terms of energy efficiency we must focus on the optimal solution. The study was conducted to choose the optimal heating solution for an industrial hall, from the point of view of evaluating the efficiency of the installation of an exhaust gas recirculation equipment. The heating of industrial premises generally raises difficult problems due to the diversity of the types of buildings encountered, the variety of activities carried out and the need to choose the most economical system, both in terms of investment and operation. The radiation heating system using natural gas offers the solution of this problem, in situations where the classic heating systems (hot air heating or static bodies) cannot ensure optimal indoor conditions (in the sense that they do not achieve a relatively uniform temperature in the heated space, cause drafts and have low yields). For spaces with a high height (over 4m) these systems can only be considered satisfactory in the case of general heating with very high energy consumption. From the study performed, but also from the specialized technical literature, it is concluded that these systems offer an energy saving, compared to the classical systems.

Automatic River Water Quality Monitoring Using IOT

One of the major problems in India is surface water pollution that is in Rivers. For the purpose of drinking, agriculture requirements and for industrial usage, an adequate amount of water quality has to be made sure and for maintaining the balance in aquaculture, water quality has to be monitored in real time. Deteriorated quality of water affects all well living beings. Traditional River water quality monitoring involves grab sampling, testing and analysis which is time consuming. In this project, determined attempts are made to design an economical system for real time monitoring of river water quality. Different physical and chemical parameters of the water are monitored using various water measuring sensor. The parameters such as temperature, hardness, dissolved oxygen; pH, turbidity and flow can be measured through sensors. The system can be enforced with Arduino model as a core controller. WI-FI module, Internet of things and GSM board can be used effectively to monitor the water quality and thereby relevant impacts for using river water safely. Keywords: 1. IOT, 2. GSM, 3. Sensors, 4. E.C.

The Developement of a New Shoulder Joint Prothesis System

In our work, we designed a new metal-polymer shoulder implant system that fully meets today’s requirements - minimal invasive technology, a high degree of modularity - and can be personalized as needed. At the same time, its production does not exceed the currently available production technologies. Also, the data and parameters which are needed to design the tailor-made construction are easily accessible, as we have chosen a device that is widespread and commonplace in medical diagnostics and available in any hospital. Furthermore, we have tried to make our system as easy and fast to authorize as possible because it is challenging to place medical devices on the market, especially implants. We have tried to create the cheapest, most economical system and in addition, we wanted to gain the trust of implant specialists, as we incorporated their insights and experiences into our construction through continuous consultation.

On the Occurrences of Critical Waves and Water Levels in the Venice Lagoon: A Statistical Analysis for the Management of the Operativity of the Mose System

The particular structure and configuration of the Venice lagoon represents a paramount case study concerning coastal flooding which affects natural, historical/cultural properties, together with industrial, commercial, economical and port activities. In order to defend Venice (and other sites) within the lagoon from severe floods, the Italian Government promoted the construction of a complex hydraulic/maritime system, including a movable storm surge barrier named Experimental Electromechanical Module (MoSE), to be activated when specific water levels occur. When the MoSE barriers are raised, the only access to the lagoon for commercial and cruise ships is represented by the Malamocco lock gate, provided that suitable safety conditions (involving the significant wave height) are satisfied. In addition, the Italian Government has recently established that, in the near future, large ships will always have to enter/exit the lagoon only through the Malamocco gate. In turn, the navigation within the Venice lagoon is (will be) controlled by the combined MoSE-Malamocco system, ruled by both univariate and bivariate paradigms/guidelines. As a novelty, in the present work, for the first time, the statistics of significant wave heights and water levels in the Venice lagoon (both univariate and bivariate ones) are investigated: in particular, these variables turn out to be dependent, and their joint occurrence (statistically modeled via Copulas) can determine the stop of ship navigation, yielding significant economic losses. Here, univariate and bivariate Return Periods and Failure Probabilities are used to thoroughly model the statistical behavior of significant wave heights and water levels, in order to provide useful quantitative indications for the management of the tricky hydraulic, maritime and economical system of the Venice lagoon.

COMMUNITY BASED MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTION DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Purpose - This research purpose is to analyze society management in manage natural resource that gotten from Merapi eruption and fin ding the economical system based on regional autonomy. Design/methodology/approach - This research used qualitative approach. The informant of this research was Cangkringan society, Cangkringan village employee, and investors. Data collecting technique was done by observation patricianly and structural interview. Data then analyzed by domain analysis technique, taxonomic, competence, and cultural theme. Findings - The research result shows that Cangkringan society has local wisdom in manage economic after Merapi disaster by opening business entity like cooperative. Social implications - The purpose of Cooperative is to give fund to the Cangkringan society to make them become independent and not dependent to foreign investor. With this cooperative, society can manage economic independently based on local wisdom. Originality/value - Cooperative is business entity that manages by society to their own welfare (from society to society).

Prospects of Developing Municipal Structures in the 21st Century (Illustrated by the Republic of Armenia)

Nowadays many democratic states face the acute problem of even and sustainable regional development. The article studies different trends of organizational changes in the development of local self-governance in connection with social and economic changes. It is found out that the key hindrances for effective development of local selfgovernance are the standard of living of the population, the resource potential, investment appeal, the scale of local self-governance authority, the level of municipal facility infrastructure and low use of informational and advanced technologies in municipal services being rendered. In this aspect we focus on the issue of upgrading the system of strategic management of municipal structures’ development, which could provide an opportunity of identifying their promising directions and with the help of advanced information technologies reach a new level of development. The authors by analyzing academic data, key parameters of development and legislative and organizational principles of local self-governance in the Republic of Armenia prepared recommendations aimed at modernizing the system of municipal structures’ management, which would allow us to build an efficient, flexible and economical system of local self-governance. Findings of the research could be used both in the system of state and municipal governance and in academic research in the field of local self-governance development.

Analysis of Bus Rapid Transit System and its comparison with Conventional transportation systems

Considering the increasing amount of traffic congestion and inconvenient travelling experiences a system needs to be designed to provide a hassle free travel which alleviates the travelling experience of the commuter and thrives them to choose this technology over any conventional implemented system or driving by own self. The system is designed to integrate a large number of areas together in order to create an efficient and economical system for the passengers to travel over long distances with comfort and safety. The Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) which is a public transport service is designed to mitigate the drawbacks of the previous systems as well as implement technologies in various domains including location tracking , communication services , monitoring and creating a detailed comparison with the conventional transportation services on multiple parameters in order to create a distinction and focus on the factors that make BRTS a much better mode of transportation as compared to the conventional transportation methods.

Tile Vaulting Innovations by Rafael Guastavino Jr. and Eduardo Torroja

This paper expands on David Billington's pioneering writings on the Spanish school and demonstrates construction innovations by two important 20 th century shell builders: Rafael Guastavino Jr. (1872-1950) and Eduardo Torroja (1899-1961), who each extended traditional tile vaulting to create new possibilities. Guastavino pursued the potential of tile vaulting as a system of load-bearing structure, creating complex geometries in advance of similar innovations in concrete shells, while Torroja repeatedly used tile vaulting as an economical system of formwork for concrete shells. Though neither designer was aware of each other's work, in particular because Guastavino Jr. had immigrated to the United States from Spain before Torroja was born, their work shares a number of important similarities. Both builders demonstrate that the Spanish school of shells continues to inspire designers today.

Geometric Dynamics on Riemannian Manifolds

The purpose of this paper is threefold: (i) to highlight the second order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) as generated by flows and Riemannian metrics (decomposable single-time dynamics); (ii) to analyze the second order partial differential equations (PDEs) as generated by multi-time flows and pairs of Riemannian metrics (decomposable multi-time dynamics); (iii) to emphasise second order PDEs as generated by m-distributions and pairs of Riemannian metrics (decomposable multi-time dynamics). We detail five significant decomposed dynamics: (i) the motion of the four outer planets relative to the sun fixed by a Hamiltonian, (ii) the motion in a closed Newmann economical system fixed by a Hamiltonian, (iii) electromagnetic geometric dynamics, (iv) Bessel motion generated by a flow together with an Euclidean metric (created motion), (v) sinh-Gordon bi-time motion generated by a bi-flow and two Euclidean metrics (created motion). Our analysis is based on some least squares Lagrangians and shows that there are dynamics that can be split into flows and motions transversal to the flows.