Effect of Ethephon on Mesquite and Huisache Stem Anatomy

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Robnett ◽  
P. R. Morey
Keyword(s):  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Secondary Wall Deposition ◽  
Normal Vessel ◽  
Xylem Formation ◽  
Honey Mesquite

Application of the ethylene-releasing agent ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) as a lanolin paste to stems of honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockrell] caused the development of abnormal periderm, cortical, and xylem tissues in a localized portion of the stem within 1 cm of the treatment site. Ethephon inhibited secondary wall deposition in xylem parenchyma cells, whereas normal vessel element differentiation was unaffected. Similar changes in xylem formation occur in ethephon-treated huisache [Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.]. Ethephon and 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] applied separately to honey mesquite and huisache stems have similar inhibitory effects on parenchyma cell differentiation but differ markedly in their effects on vessel element formation.

Phenological Comparison of the Onset of Vessel Formation Between Ring-Porous and Diffuse-Porous Deciduous Trees in a Japanese Temperate Forest

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuo Suzuki ◽  
Kiyotsugu Yoda ◽  
Hitoshi Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Vessel Formation ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Secondary Wall Deposition ◽  
Diffuse Porous

Initiation of vessel formation and vessel maturation indicated by secondary wall deposition have been compared in eleven deciduous broadleaved tree species. In ring-porous species the first vessel element formation in the current growth ring was initiated two to six weeks prior to the onset of leaf expansion, and secondary wall deposition on the vessel elements was completed from one week before to three weeks after leaf expansion. In diffuse-porous species, the first vessel element formation was initiated two to seven weeks after the onset of leaf expansion, and secondary wall deposition was completed four to nine weeks after leaf expansion. These results suggest that early maturation of the first vessel elements in the ring-porous species will serve for water conduction in early spring. On the contrary, the late maturation of the first vessel elements in the diffuse-porous species indicates that no new functional vessels exist at the time of the leaf expansion.

An ultrastructural study of acid phosphatase localization in Phaseolus vulgaris xylem by the use of an azo-dye method

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-561
Author(s):  
I. Charvat ◽  
K. Esau
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Final Reaction

The localization of acid phosphatase during xylem development has been examined in the bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. The azo dye, the final reaction product, is initially prominent in the dictyosomes, vesicles apparently participating in secondary wall formation, and in the middle lamella of the young vessel element. Final reaction particles are also present in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and certain vacuoles and are sparsely scattered in the cytoplasm. At a later stage of vessel differentiation, the azo dye is concentrated in the disintegrating cytoplasm and along the fibrils of the partially hydrolysed primary wall and middle lamella. In the mature vessel element, the azo dye is still present along the disintegrated primary wall at the side of the vessel and covers the secondary wall. In the parenchyma cell adjacent to the vessel element, acid phosphatase localization is found in the dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, small vacuoles, and the middle lamella. The controls from all stages of vessel element development were free of azo dye particles. The concentration of acid phosphatase along the secondary walls of the mature vessels and in the middle lamella between other cells indicates that this enzyme has other functions besides autolysis of the cytoplasm and primary cell wall. Acid phosphatase may participate in the formation of the secondary wall and may also have a role in the secretion and transport of sugars.

A Device for Threshing Mesquite Seed

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. O. Flynt ◽  
H. L. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Leguminous Species ◽  
Honey Mesquite

We modified a cereal huller to thresh seed of honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell]. The device threshes seed of other mesquite varieties, huisache [Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.], and other leguminous species.

Hexazinone and Other Herbicides on Texas Woody Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Meyer ◽  
R. W. Bovey
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Gleditsia Triacanthos ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Post Oak ◽  
Ilex Vomitoria ◽  
Quercus Stellata ◽  
Honey Mesquite

Hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] was applied to honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthosL.), honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell], huisache [Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.], live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.), Macartney rose (Rosa bracteataWendl.), post oak (Quercus stellataWangenh.), saw greenbrier (Smilax bona-noxL.), whitebrush (Aloysia lycioidesCham.), and yaupon (Ilex vomitoriaAit.). Bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) and tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} were used for comparison in some experiments. Hexazinone was required at the following rates to kill at least 75% of the following species: 1.1 kg/ha for live oak, 2.2 kg/ha for post oak, 4.5 kg/ha for huisache (at Bryan, Texas) and whitebrush, and 9 kg/ha for honeylocust. Hexazinone was ineffective at 9 kg/ha for control of honey mesquite, huisache (at Washington, Texas), Macartney rose, saw greenbrier, and yaupon. Tebuthiuron at 1.1 kg/ha killed 80% of the live oak, and as a subsurface spray at 4.5 kg/ha, killed huisache (at Washington, Texas). Bromacil was effective on huisache at 9 kg/ha.

Xylem parenchyma cell walls lack a gravitropic response in conifer compression wood

Planta ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 242 (6) ◽  
pp. 1413-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd A. Donaldson ◽  
B. Nanayakkara ◽  
K. Radotić ◽  
D. Djikanovic-Golubović ◽  
A. Mitrović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
Gravitropic Response ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Parenchyma Cell Walls

Wound Effects on Cytodifferentiation in Hardwood Xylem

IAWA Journal ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Kuroda ◽  
Ken Shimaji
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Tissue Formation ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Wound Reaction ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Ray Cell ◽  
Wound Tissue

The wound effects on cytodifferentiation in hardwood xylem were studied by means of periodical observation of wound tissue formation after a pin insertion into the stem of poplar. The mitotic reactivation of ray parenchyma cells was similar to that in conifers. These ray cell derivatives easily invaded other cells creating the impression of septate fibres. Conspicuous abnormalities were found in the differentiation of those fusiform cells which were situated in the zone of xylem mother cells at the time of wounding and those originating from cambial initials for several days after wounding. In the former zone, fusiform cells were prevented from differentiating into vessel elements after dividing transversely several times in the zone adjacent to the injury ; fusiform cells in the area extending several millimetres longitudinally were variously modified morphologically after the frequent transverse divisions in the xylem mother cell zone: they showed various transitional patterns from vessel element-like through tracheid-like, and axial parenchyma-cell-like to fibre-like. These observations suggest that the direction of cytodifferentiation is determined in the cambial initials or the neighbouring xylem mother cells, and is controlled by certain substances, which may change in concentration through the wounding stimulus, bringing about the modification in cytodifferentiation. Wound reaction of hardwood (i .e., woody dicotyledons) was thus completely different from the regeneration of vascular system in injured herbaceous dicotyledons.

Stem anatomy of Apioideae (Apiaceae): effects of habit and reproductive strategy

IAWA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Kamil E. Frankiewicz ◽  
Alexei A. Oskolski ◽  
Jean-Pierre Reduron ◽  
Łukasz Banasiak ◽  
Jorge-Alfredo Reyes-Betancort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Plate Type

Abstract Apioideae is the biggest and the most diverse of four subfamilies recognised within Apiaceae. Except for a few, likely derived, woody clades, most representatives of this subfamily are herbaceous. In the present study, we assessed stem anatomy of 87, mostly therophytic and hemicryptophytic, species from at least 20 distinct lineages of Apioideae, and juxtaposed them with 67 species from our previous anatomical projects also focused on this subfamily. Comparing our data with the literature, we found that wood anatomy does not allow for a distinction between apioids and their close relatives (Azorelloideae, Saniculoideae), but more distantly related Mackinlayoideae differ from Apioideae in their perforation plate type. Vessel element and fibre length, and vessel diameter were positively correlated with plant height: phenomena already reported in literature. Similar pattern was retrieved for vertical intervessel pit diameter. Wood ground tissue in apioids ranges from entirely fibrous to parenchymatous. The shortening of internodes seems to favour the formation of parenchymatic ground tissue, whereas the early shift to flowering promotes the deposition of fibrous wood in monocarpic species. These results support a hypothesis on interdependence among internode length, reproductive strategy, and wood ground tissue type.

Effect of Simulated Rainfall on Herbicide Performance in Huisache (Acacia farnesiana) and Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney W. Bovey ◽  
Robert E. Meyer ◽  
Steven G. Whisenant
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prosopis Glandulosa ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
East Central ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Central Texas ◽  
Honey Mesquite ◽  
Amine Salts

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in east-central Texas to evaluate the influence of simulated rainfall on the availability of foliar-applied herbicides for huisache and honey mesquite control. The foliar activity of the amine salts of glyphosate, dicamba, picloram, clopyralid, and triclopyr was decreased on greenhouse-grown huisache when simulated rainfall was applied up to 240 min after herbicide treatment. The effectiveness of the butoxyethyl ester of triclopyr or 2,4,5-T was not reduced by rainfall washoff within 15 min after application. In natural huisache stands, injury from the ester of triclopyr or amine salts of picloram or clopyralid was not reduced by simulated rainfall at 60 min after herbicide treatment. In the greenhouse and field, honey mesquite leaves rapidly absorbed most herbicides, and triclopyr, 2,4,5-T, picloram, and clopyralid were highly phytotoxic even when simulated rainfall was applied within 15 min after herbicide treatment.

Ultrastructural and cytochemical study of colonization of xylem vessel elements of susceptible and resistant Dianthus caryophyllus by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
G B Ouellette ◽  
R P Baayen ◽  
M Simard ◽  
D Rioux
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Secondary Invasion ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

The colonization processes of the xylem in the susceptible carnation cv. Early Sam and the resistant cv. Novada were studied ultrastructurally following inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi. Samples from 1 to 3 cm above the incision were collected over 5 weeks and processed following conventional procedures as well as with probes for cellulose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, and pectin. The fungus grew profusely in the vessel lumina of the susceptible cultivar. Some of the colonized vessels were lined with coating material connected to the fungal cell wall and extending into the host cell wall through microfilamentous-like structures. Coatings did not label for pectin or cellulose. The pathogen crossed from one vessel element to another (and at times to parenchyma cells) usually directly through pit membranes; often the invading structures of the fungus appeared to be either only membrane-bound or formed solely of microfilamentous-like entities. The fungus subsequently invaded extensively, generally by means of microhyphae, the vessel intercalary walls from the pit membranes and vessel wall junctures. Microhyphae had thin or imperceptible walls and contained only some of the normal cytoplasmic components. Initially, the invading hyphae dislocated the host cell walls, apparently mechanically more than by lysis; however, more pronounced lysis occurred following general tissue invasion. Host parenchyma cells seemed relatively unaffected, even after the surrounding walls had undergone severe degradation. Colonization of resistant plants was restricted. Degradation of tissues did not occur and microhyphae were not observed. Inoculated vessel elements in the 'Novada' plants contained numerous fungal cells and little occluding material, whereas the surrounding vessels were almost completely occluded. The initially invaded xylem became tangentially compartmentalized by parenchyma cell wall thickenings and by hyperplastic parenchyma. Occasionally, hyperplastic tissues were slightly re-invaded, forming secondary invasion pockets. Vessel-occluding material varied in structure and opacity, not only from vessel to vessel but also within the same vessel, and contained microfilamentous-like structures and other types of fine fibrillar material. Some vessel elements in or near the secondary invasion pockets contained only the finer fibrils that reacted strongly with an antibody specific for pectin. Vessel elements rarely contained tyloses.Key words: cellulose, chitin, Dianthus caryophyllus, Fusarium wilt, gels and gums, host wall degradation, microhyphae, pectin, tyloses.

Distribution of Root-Absorbed Picloram

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Baur ◽  
R. W. Bovey
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Honey Mesquite

We studied changes in the concentration of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) with time in roots, stems, and leaves of 20-day-old seedlings of huisache (Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.) and honey mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockerell). Exposing root systems to aqueous solutions of picloram (1.0 ppm huisache and 10.0 ppm honey mesquite) for 24 hr killed approximately 60% of the treated plants. In honey mesquite, picloram was redistributed and eventually lost over a 5-day period, whereas neither redistribution nor loss occurred in huisache.

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