Wound Effects on Cytodifferentiation in Hardwood Xylem

IAWA Journal ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Kuroda ◽  
Ken Shimaji
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Tissue Formation ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Wound Reaction ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Ray Cell ◽  
Wound Tissue

The wound effects on cytodifferentiation in hardwood xylem were studied by means of periodical observation of wound tissue formation after a pin insertion into the stem of poplar. The mitotic reactivation of ray parenchyma cells was similar to that in conifers. These ray cell derivatives easily invaded other cells creating the impression of septate fibres. Conspicuous abnormalities were found in the differentiation of those fusiform cells which were situated in the zone of xylem mother cells at the time of wounding and those originating from cambial initials for several days after wounding. In the former zone, fusiform cells were prevented from differentiating into vessel elements after dividing transversely several times in the zone adjacent to the injury ; fusiform cells in the area extending several millimetres longitudinally were variously modified morphologically after the frequent transverse divisions in the xylem mother cell zone: they showed various transitional patterns from vessel element-like through tracheid-like, and axial parenchyma-cell-like to fibre-like. These observations suggest that the direction of cytodifferentiation is determined in the cambial initials or the neighbouring xylem mother cells, and is controlled by certain substances, which may change in concentration through the wounding stimulus, bringing about the modification in cytodifferentiation. Wound reaction of hardwood (i .e., woody dicotyledons) was thus completely different from the regeneration of vascular system in injured herbaceous dicotyledons.

Position of rays and lateral deviation of vessel elements in the stem wood of some dicotyledonous species with storeyed, double-storeyed, and nonstoreyed cambia

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (12) ◽  
pp. 849-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wilczek ◽  
Wiesław Włoch ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Paweł Kojs
Keyword(s):  
Vessel Element ◽  
Fusiform Cell ◽  
Lateral Deviation ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Symplastic Growth ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Wisteria Floribunda ◽  
Ray Cell

It is believed that differentiating vessel elements increase their diameter by growing intrusively in the circumferential direction and symplastically in the radial direction in relation to the stem axis. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the cell arrangement observed in a series of semithin anatomical sections of cambial zone and the developing and mature secondary xylem of Terminalia ivorensis , Wisteria floribunda , and Millettia laurentii , we revealed a novel correlation of growing vessel elements with surrounding tissues. Rays seem to prevent the growing vessel elements from protruding laterally between the cells of adjacent rays. The growing vessel elements break the continuity of several neighbouring radial files of fusiform cell derivatives but not of ray cell derivatives. If a contiguous ray becomes an obstacle for the growth of vessel elements on any one side, the growing elements often start to grow in the opposite direction, consequently causing a deviation in the alignment of the vessel elements concerned. This mechanism explains why vessel elements may deviate from the array of their precursors, the fusiform cambial initials. Our models on the intrusive symplastic growth of vessel element mother cells have revealed that intrusive growth does not occur between radial walls of neighbouring cells.

Ultrastructural and cytochemical study of colonization of xylem vessel elements of susceptible and resistant Dianthus caryophyllus by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
G B Ouellette ◽  
R P Baayen ◽  
M Simard ◽  
D Rioux
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Secondary Invasion ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

The colonization processes of the xylem in the susceptible carnation cv. Early Sam and the resistant cv. Novada were studied ultrastructurally following inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi. Samples from 1 to 3 cm above the incision were collected over 5 weeks and processed following conventional procedures as well as with probes for cellulose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, and pectin. The fungus grew profusely in the vessel lumina of the susceptible cultivar. Some of the colonized vessels were lined with coating material connected to the fungal cell wall and extending into the host cell wall through microfilamentous-like structures. Coatings did not label for pectin or cellulose. The pathogen crossed from one vessel element to another (and at times to parenchyma cells) usually directly through pit membranes; often the invading structures of the fungus appeared to be either only membrane-bound or formed solely of microfilamentous-like entities. The fungus subsequently invaded extensively, generally by means of microhyphae, the vessel intercalary walls from the pit membranes and vessel wall junctures. Microhyphae had thin or imperceptible walls and contained only some of the normal cytoplasmic components. Initially, the invading hyphae dislocated the host cell walls, apparently mechanically more than by lysis; however, more pronounced lysis occurred following general tissue invasion. Host parenchyma cells seemed relatively unaffected, even after the surrounding walls had undergone severe degradation. Colonization of resistant plants was restricted. Degradation of tissues did not occur and microhyphae were not observed. Inoculated vessel elements in the 'Novada' plants contained numerous fungal cells and little occluding material, whereas the surrounding vessels were almost completely occluded. The initially invaded xylem became tangentially compartmentalized by parenchyma cell wall thickenings and by hyperplastic parenchyma. Occasionally, hyperplastic tissues were slightly re-invaded, forming secondary invasion pockets. Vessel-occluding material varied in structure and opacity, not only from vessel to vessel but also within the same vessel, and contained microfilamentous-like structures and other types of fine fibrillar material. Some vessel elements in or near the secondary invasion pockets contained only the finer fibrils that reacted strongly with an antibody specific for pectin. Vessel elements rarely contained tyloses.Key words: cellulose, chitin, Dianthus caryophyllus, Fusarium wilt, gels and gums, host wall degradation, microhyphae, pectin, tyloses.

scholarly journals The uncharacterized geneEVEcontributes to vessel element dimensions inPopulus

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (9) ◽  
pp. 5059-5066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cíntia L. Ribeiro ◽  
Daniel Conde ◽  
Kelly M. Balmant ◽  
Christopher Dervinis ◽  
Matthew G. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer Event ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Transfer Event ◽  
Angiosperm Evolution ◽  
Uncharacterized Gene ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Vessel Development

The radiation of angiosperms led to the emergence of the vast majority of today’s plant species and all our major food crops. Their extraordinary diversification occurred in conjunction with the evolution of a more efficient vascular system for the transport of water, composed of vessel elements. The physical dimensions of these water-conducting specialized cells have played a critical role in angiosperm evolution; they determine resistance to water flow, influence photosynthesis rate, and contribute to plant stature. However, the genetic factors that determine their dimensions are unclear. Here we show that a previously uncharacterized gene,ENLARGED VESSEL ELEMENT(EVE),contributes to the dimensions of vessel elements inPopulus, impacting hydraulic conductivity. Our data suggest thatEVEis localized in the plasma membrane and is involved in potassium uptake of differentiating xylem cells during vessel development. In plants,EVEfirst emerged in streptophyte algae, but expanded dramatically among vessel-containing angiosperms. The phylogeny, structure and composition ofEVEindicates that it may have been involved in an ancient horizontal gene-transfer event.

Wood Anatomy of the Altingiaceae and Hamamelidaceae

IAWA Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth A. Wheeler ◽  
Sung Jae Lee ◽  
Pieter Baas
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Helical Thickenings

Wood anatomical data for all three extant genera of the Altingiaceae and 23 of the 27 extant genera of the Hamamelidaceae were compiled in an effort to find features distinctive to genera, tribes, or subfamilies within these families. All genera studied have diffuse porous wood (except Corylopsis which tends to be semi-ring porous), vessels are predominantly solitary and narrow (<100 μm, usually <50 μm) and angular in outline, vessel elements are long (>800 μm) with scalariform perforation plates with average bar numbers of 9–44, intervessel pits are mainly scalariform to opposite, vessel-ray parenchyma pits are scalariform with slightly reduced borders and usually are in the square to upright marginal ray parenchyma cells, rays are heterocellular and narrow, usually 1–3-seriate. Although the wood anatomy of both families is relatively homogeneous, it is possible to key out many genera using a combination of qualitative (presence/absence and location of helical thickenings in vessel elements and fibers, crystal occurrence, axial parenchyma abundance, degree of ray heterogeneity) and quantitative features (number of bars per perforation plate and ray width). Helical thickenings are present throughout the vessel elements in three genera (Loropetalum, Altingia, Semiliquidambar) and are restricted to the vessel element tails in two genera (Corylopsis, Liquidambar). Loropetalum has helical thickenings in ground tissue fibers as well. Axial parenchyma abundance varies from scarce to relatively abundant diffuse to diffuse-in-aggregates. One clade of the tribe Fothergilleae (Distylium, Distyliopsis, Sycopsis, Shaniodendron, Parrotia, Parrotiopsis) has more abundant axial parenchyma and is characterized by narrow, usually interrupted bands of apotracheal parenchyma. Nearly exclusively uniseriate rays occur in some species of Hamamelis and in Exbucklandia, Chunia, Dicoryphe, and Fothergilla. These data on extant Altingiaceae and Hamamelidaceae not only provide information relevant for systematic, phylogenetic and ecological wood anatomy and wood identification, but also give context for reviewing the fossil woods assigned to them. A new combination is proposed for the Miocene Liquidambar hisauchii (Watari) Suzuki & Watari from Japan: Altingia hisauchii (Watari) Wheeler, Baas & Lee.

Phenological Comparison of the Onset of Vessel Formation Between Ring-Porous and Diffuse-Porous Deciduous Trees in a Japanese Temperate Forest

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuo Suzuki ◽  
Kiyotsugu Yoda ◽  
Hitoshi Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Vessel Formation ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Secondary Wall Deposition ◽  
Diffuse Porous

Initiation of vessel formation and vessel maturation indicated by secondary wall deposition have been compared in eleven deciduous broadleaved tree species. In ring-porous species the first vessel element formation in the current growth ring was initiated two to six weeks prior to the onset of leaf expansion, and secondary wall deposition on the vessel elements was completed from one week before to three weeks after leaf expansion. In diffuse-porous species, the first vessel element formation was initiated two to seven weeks after the onset of leaf expansion, and secondary wall deposition was completed four to nine weeks after leaf expansion. These results suggest that early maturation of the first vessel elements in the ring-porous species will serve for water conduction in early spring. On the contrary, the late maturation of the first vessel elements in the diffuse-porous species indicates that no new functional vessels exist at the time of the leaf expansion.

An ultrastructural study of acid phosphatase localization in Phaseolus vulgaris xylem by the use of an azo-dye method

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-561
Author(s):  
I. Charvat ◽  
K. Esau
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Final Reaction

The localization of acid phosphatase during xylem development has been examined in the bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. The azo dye, the final reaction product, is initially prominent in the dictyosomes, vesicles apparently participating in secondary wall formation, and in the middle lamella of the young vessel element. Final reaction particles are also present in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and certain vacuoles and are sparsely scattered in the cytoplasm. At a later stage of vessel differentiation, the azo dye is concentrated in the disintegrating cytoplasm and along the fibrils of the partially hydrolysed primary wall and middle lamella. In the mature vessel element, the azo dye is still present along the disintegrated primary wall at the side of the vessel and covers the secondary wall. In the parenchyma cell adjacent to the vessel element, acid phosphatase localization is found in the dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, small vacuoles, and the middle lamella. The controls from all stages of vessel element development were free of azo dye particles. The concentration of acid phosphatase along the secondary walls of the mature vessels and in the middle lamella between other cells indicates that this enzyme has other functions besides autolysis of the cytoplasm and primary cell wall. Acid phosphatase may participate in the formation of the secondary wall and may also have a role in the secretion and transport of sugars.

Effect of Ethephon on Mesquite and Huisache Stem Anatomy

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Robnett ◽  
P. R. Morey
Keyword(s):  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Xylem Parenchyma ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Secondary Wall Deposition ◽  
Normal Vessel ◽  
Xylem Formation ◽  
Honey Mesquite

Application of the ethylene-releasing agent ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) as a lanolin paste to stems of honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockrell] caused the development of abnormal periderm, cortical, and xylem tissues in a localized portion of the stem within 1 cm of the treatment site. Ethephon inhibited secondary wall deposition in xylem parenchyma cells, whereas normal vessel element differentiation was unaffected. Similar changes in xylem formation occur in ethephon-treated huisache [Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.]. Ethephon and 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] applied separately to honey mesquite and huisache stems have similar inhibitory effects on parenchyma cell differentiation but differ markedly in their effects on vessel element formation.

Vessel element development in the earlywood of red oak (Quercus rubra)

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1965-1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Zasada ◽  
Robert Zahner
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Bark Peeling ◽  
Extreme Care ◽  
Earlywood Vessels ◽  
Cell Zone

Earlywood formation was observed in 60-year-old forest-grown red oak trees in southern Michigan. Extreme care in removing samples from the cambial region of the main stem at 1.4 m and 18 m, and from small branches at about 24 m, permitted the following conclusions. First vessel elements were initiated in the second or third xylem derivative radially removed from the previous year's latewood, possibly in overwintering derivatives, simultaneously throughout the bole and branches of the tree, some 2 weeks before bud enlargement. Vessel elements enlarged first in the tangential dimension (to about 200 μ.) within a few days after initiation of differentiation. Enlargement in the radial direction required up to 2 weeks to grow 300 μ, occurring as the entire xylem mother cell zone was displaced outward by cambial growth to either side—tangentially—of the vessel element. The duration of earlywood formation was about 10 weeks, while the duration of shoot elongation was less than 2 weeks. First earlywood vessels were fully mature about 5 weeks after initiation, coinciding with the unfolding of first leaves. All foliage was mature several weeks before complete maturation of later formed earlywood vessels. Detailed stem analysis and bark peeling studies revealed that stem sections clear of branching contained few lateral junctions between axial vessels. There were many such junctions where twigs joined larger limbs and where limbs joined the main stem; all such junctions were between adjacent vessels from the same limb.

Synchronized Maturation of Vessel Diameter and ray width in Zelkova Serrata

IAWA Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryouta Tsuchiya ◽  
Ikuo Furukawa
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Vessel Lumen ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Maturation Age ◽  
Stem Increment ◽  
Zelkova Serrata

This study describes radial variation in fibre length, vessel element length, vessel lumen diameter, and ray width (number of cells) in relation to the developmental stages in radial stem increment in Zelkova serrata trees. Maturation age (the age at which the size of the wood elements is stabilized) was compared to the ages at the boundary between the early and middle stages (age t1), and the middle and late stages (age t2) of radial stem increment. The maturation age was estimated by nonlinear segmented regression analysis. Ages t1 and t2 were estimated by the Gompertz growth function. The maturation age for the length of axial elements (wood fibres and vessel elements) was not related to either age t1 or age t2. However, the maturation ages for vessel lumen diameter and ray width were close, and both were related to age t2. This indicates that the maturation of vessel lumen diameter and ray width was synchronized and both were related to the stage of radial stem increment.

Surface chemistry of vessel elements by FE-SEM, μ-XPS and ToF-SIMS

Holzforschung ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Orblin ◽  
Valerie Eta ◽  
Pedro Fardim
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Recycled Pulp ◽  
Tof Sims ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Printing Ink ◽  
Secondary Ion

Abstract Separation of vessel elements and fibers was carried out for Eucalyptus kraft and recycled pulp as raw materials. A new separation method is presented. The surface morphology, surface chemical characteristics and chemistry of individual vessel elements were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), microbeam X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (μ-XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). By FE-SEM it could be seen that vessel elements in recycled pulp were almost intact or only partly broken via the pits. They were also detected on the surface of newsprint paper. The chemical composition of vessel element surfaces was similar to that of fibers. The surface coverage by lignin in vessels showed scattered results by μ-XPS. However, normalized lignin peak intensities of ToF-SIMS indicated that vessels had lower surface lignin counts than fibers. Vessel elements in recycled pulp were rich in phthalates and other hydrocarbons originating probably from printing ink and paper chemicals. Fillers, sizes, and other paper chemicals were not completely removed from the recycled vessel surfaces during the de-inking.

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