scholarly journals Adsorption and Desorption of Atrazine, Hydroxyatrazine, andS-Glutathione Atrazine on Two Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon A. Clay ◽  
William C. Koskinen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Adsorption Isotherms ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
High Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption And Desorption ◽  
Batch Equilibration ◽  
Average Slope ◽  
Desorption Isotherms

Adsorption and desorption isotherms for atrazine and two metabolites, hydroxyatrazine (HA) andS-glutathione atrazine (GSHA), were determined by batch equilibration on Plano and Waukegan silt loam soils at two soil pH levels (Plano, 6.1 and 4.5; Waukegan, 6.1 and 4.0). Freundlich adsorption isotherms were not affected by soil type except for GSHA at pH 4.0 to 4.5. When averaged over both soils, the order of adsorption at pH 6.1 was atrazine (Kf= 3.7) < GSHA (Kf= 7.3) << HA (Kf= 25) and at pH 4.0–4.5 was atrazine (Kf= 6.1) << HA (Kf= 58) ≤ GSHA (Kf: Plano = 35; Waukegan = 78). The average slope of the adsorption isotherms (1/nads) was 0.81. The slopes of all desorption isotherms (1/ndes) were less than their respective 1/nads, indicating hysteresis. Atrazine desorbed into soil solution (1/ndes> 0.0). With the exception of GSHA which desorbed from the pH 6.1 Plano silt loam (1/ndes= 0.15), desorption of HA and GSHA from other treatments was negligible (1/ndes= 0.0). Consequently, leaching of HA and GSHA in these and similar soils is not likely, due to high adsorption and low desorption.

Effect of Soil Type and pH on Persistence and Carryover of Imidazolinone Herbicides

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 452-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark M. Loux ◽  
Kirk D. Reese
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Imidazolinone Herbicides ◽  
Significant Injury

Field studies were conducted in 1988 through 1990 to determine the effect of soil pH, over a 4.5 to 6.5 range, on imazethapyr persistence and on imazaquin and imazethapyr carryover to ‘Pioneer 3377’ corn in a Crosby silt loam (1.6% organic matter) and a Hoytville clay (3.3% organic matter). Imazethapyr appeared to be more persistent in Hoytville clay than in Crosby silt loam. In Crosby silt loam, imazethapyr persistence increased as pH decreased, whereas soil pH did not affect persistence in Hoytville clay. Imazaquin or imazethapyr did not affect corn grown the year following application to Crosby silt loam. Imazethapyr applied to Hoytville clay did not cause significant injury or yield reduction to corn. Carryover of imazaquin in Hoytville clay caused corn injury and yield reduction, increased as pH decreased, and was more evident at 280 g ai ha−1than at 140 g ha−1.

Sorption and Mobility of Chlorimuron in Alabama Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Goetz ◽  
Robert H. Walker ◽  
Glenn Wehtje ◽  
Ben F. Hajek
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Solution Technique ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Soil thin-layer chromatography and a soil solution technique were used to evaluate chlorimuron adsorption and mobility in five Alabama soils. The order of adsorption was atrazine > metribuzin > chlorimuron; mobility was chlorimuron > metribuzin > atrazine. The order of adsorption of chlorimuron in the five soils was Sumter clay > Eutaw clay > Lucedale fine sandy loam > Decatur silt loam > Dothan sandy loam, and Rfvalues were 0.63, 0.73, 0.69, 0.76, and 0.80, respectively. Chlorimuron mobility and adsorption were not highly correlated to any one soil type. Adsorption of all herbicides was inversely related to soil pH. Maximum chlorimuron adsorption in the Hiwassee loam was attributed to the high hematite and gibbsite content of the soil.

scholarly journals SOIL APPLIED SULFATE IMPROVES VEGETABLE AMARANTH QUALITY

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1173h-1174
Author(s):  
D,J. MAKUS
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Organic Sulfur ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Total Sulfur ◽  
Total Carotenoid ◽  
Total Carotenoids

Sulfate, as K2SO4, was applied to silt loam (Leadvale) soils of pH of 5.0 and 7.1 at rates of 0, 6, 18 and 36 kg S/ha. Nitrogen, as NH4NO3, was split applied at 0 and 120 kg/ha. All treatments received 55 and 45 kg/ha of P and K, respectively. Twenty day-old plants of accession RRC 241 were transplanted on 12 July 1990 and harvested 47 days later. Supplemental SO. had no effect on plant ht or yield but increased soil solution SO4 levels at the end of the season. Leaf blade N and S levels were increased at the highest SO4 rate. Higher SO4 rates increased leaf blade chlorophyll (chloro) `a', total chloro and total carotenoid levels. Response of leaf blade total sulfur, sulfate and organic sulfur to supplemental SO4 was linear. Organic to inorganic S ratios were unchanged. Plants grown at pH 5 had lower yields but higher leaf blade K, Al, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu levels. Plants grown at pH 7 had higher leaf blade P, Ca, Na, and chloro levels. Soil pH did not effect soil solution SO4 levels. N reduced soil pH, and leaf blade P, Ca, Mg, Zn but increased soil electrolytes, leaf blade N, Na, Mn, chloro `a' and `b', and total carotenoids. Leaf blade N was the only leaf consituent from plants grown at both pHs correlated with leaf blade pigments.

Sorption of Atrazine, Terbutryn, and GS-14254 on Natural and Lime-Amended Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 390-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floyd O. Colbert ◽  
V. V. Volk ◽  
Arnold P. Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
The Other ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
High Adsorption ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Adsorption of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine], and GS-14254 [2-(sec-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-methoxy-s-triazine] decreased on natural and limed soils as the soil pH increased to pH 8. More reduction in adsorption occurred with GS-14254 than with the other two herbicides. Increased toxicity to barley from GS-14254 was proportional to decreased adsorption by soils. Adsorption-desorption studies with Chehalis sandy loam (Cumulic Ultic Haploxeroll) indicated that extent and strength of adsorption were equivalent for GS-14254 (pKa 4.36) and terbutryn (pKa 4.32) at a soil pH of 5.20. Two soils, Boyce silt loam (pH 9.6, Cumulic Haplaquoll) and Crooked silt loam (pH 8.5, Xerolic Durorthid), adsorbed thes-triazines readily in contrast to the soils below pH 8. The high adsorption values were substantiated by the GR5 0values on barley for atrazine and terbutryn, 10.2 and 13.2 kg ai/ha, respectively.

Influence of Soil pH on Persistence of Atrazine in the Field

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Hiltbold ◽  
G.A. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Unit Increase

Persistence of 1.12, 2.24, and 3.36 kg/ha of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] applied preemergence to corn (Zea maysL. ‘Funk's 4761′) was determined in three soils, each providing a range of pH from 5 to 7. Samples of surface soil from each plot were collected at intervals after atrazine application until there was no evidence of phytotoxicity to oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Florida 501′) in bioassay. Persistence (Y50) was defined as the number of days following atrazine application until bioassay indicated 50% relative growth of oats (no atrazine = 100% growth). This period ranged from 24 to 178 days, depending upon soil type, pH, and atrazine rate. Persistence of atrazine increased with increasing soil pH. The effect of soil pH was essentially the same at each atrazine rate and did not vary appreciably with years in a given soil. In McLaurin sandy loam, atrazine persisted 8 to 9 days longer with each unit increase in soil pH. In Hartsells fine sandy loam and Decatur silt loam, atrazine persistence increased 9 to 13 days and 29 days, respectively, with each unit pH.

scholarly journals Characterization of Alachlor and Atrazine Desorption from Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon A. Clay ◽  
William C. Koskinen
Keyword(s):  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Adsorption And Desorption ◽  
Methanol Extraction ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Desorption Isotherms ◽  
The Difference

Herbicide desorption isotherms may be affected by the amount of nondesorbable herbicide present in soil. Nondesorbable alachlor (as determined after methanol extraction) generally increased on a Waukegan silt loam (Typic Hapludolls) and a Ves clay loam (Udic Haplustolls) during five 0.01 M CaCl2desorptions. Atrazine was totally extracted with methanol from the Waukegan soil after one desorption using 0.01 M CaCl2. However, after five desorptions with 0.01 M CaCl2an average of 5.5 and 15.5% of the total recovered atrazine from two atrazine application rates was methanol nondesorbable from the Waukegan and Ves soils, respectively. Freundlich desorption isotherms adjusted for nondesorbable herbicide accounted for as much as 71 % of the difference between adsorption and desorption isotherms. Only a portion of the hysteresis observed can be attributable to nondesorbable herbicide.

Hysteretic Characteristics of Atrazine Adsorption-Desorption by a Sharkey Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwang Ma ◽  
Lloyd M. Southwick ◽  
Guye H. Willis ◽  
H. Magdi Selim
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Exponential Parameter ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Adsorption And Desorption ◽  
Simplified Approach ◽  
Batch Equilibration ◽  
Soil Adsorption ◽  
Desorption Isotherms ◽  
Hysteretic Characteristics ◽  
Parameter Values

The purpose of this study was to quantify hysteresis during adsorption and desorption of atrazine as a function of incubation time for a Sharkey clay soil. Adsorption was carried out using one day batch equilibration and was followed by incubation periods ranging from 1 to 24 d. Incubation was subsequently followed by six consecutive desorption steps where each step represented 1 d. The Freundlich equation (S = K CNwhere S is the amount of atrazine retained, μg g-1; C is concentration, μg ml-1; K is the distribution coefficient, cm3g-1; and N is a dimensionless parameter) was used to describe batch results. Both adsorption and desorption isotherms were well described by the Freundlich model. Fitted K parameter values for desorption isotherms were consistently higher than those associated with adsorption. The opposite trend was observed for the exponential parameter N. The results revealed that desorption deviated significantly from adsorption data. The deviation, which is commonly referred to as hysteresis, was more pronounced as incubation time increased. Batch equilibration results also indicated that the extent of hysteresis was not influenced by soil sterilization. Attempts to quantify the extent of hysteresis using a simplified approach are presented. We found that, for a given batch data set, hysteresis can be quantified provided that Freundlich N from adsorption and desorption isotherms is known.

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Tungsten in Soil: An Overview

Environments ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Gianniantonio Petruzzelli ◽  
Francesca Pedron
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Aluminum Oxides ◽  
Adsorption And Desorption ◽  
Iron And Aluminum Oxides

The increasing use of tungsten in the production of green energy in the aerospace and military industries, and in many other hi-tech applications, may increase the content of this element in soil. This overview examines some aspects of the behavior of tungsten in soil, such as the importance of characteristics of soils in relation to bioavailability processes, the chemical approaches to evaluate tungsten mobility in the soil environment and the importance of adsorption and desorption processes. Tungsten behavior depends on soil properties of which the most important is soil pH, which determines the solubility and polymerization of tungstate ions and the characteristics of the adsorbing soil surfaces. During the adsorption and desorption of tungsten, iron, and aluminum oxides, and hydroxides play a key role as they are the most important adsorbing surfaces for tungsten. The behavior of tungsten compounds in the soil determines the transfer of this element in plants and therefore in the food chain. Despite the growing importance of tungsten in everyday life, environmental regulations concerning soil do not take this element into consideration. The purpose of this review is also to provide some basic information that could be useful when considering tungsten in environmental legislation.

Runoff losses of cyanazine and metolachlor: effects of soil type and precipitation timing

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 800-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Shaw ◽  
Stephen M. Schraer ◽  
Joby M. Prince ◽  
Michele Boyette ◽  
William L. Kingery
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Precipitation Timing ◽  
Runoff Losses

The effects of time of precipitation and soil type on runoff losses of cyanazine and metolachlor were studied using a tilted-bed, microplot system. Two silt loam soils, Bosket and Dubbs, and a Sharkey silty clay were evaluated. Rainfall (22 mm h−1) was simulated at 0, 2, and 14 days after treatment (DAT). Time of precipitation did not impact herbicide losses or any of the runoff parameters evaluated in this study. Water runoff occurred sooner and in greater quantities from the surfaces of Bosket and Dubbs silt loam soils than from the surface of Sharkey silty clay. Runoff losses of cyanazine did not vary by soil type. Soil drying produced large cracks in Sharkey silty clay, which greatly reduced runoff in this soil. Combined runoff and leachate losses were highest from Dubbs silt loam. Runoff losses of metolachlor were not affected by soil type. However, regression analyses indicated that time of precipitation and soil type interacted to affect initial metolachlor concentration. At 14 DAT, initial metolachlor concentration was highest in runoff from Sharkey soil. Time of precipitation ranked with respect to initial metolachlor concentration in runoff from Bosket and Dubbs silt loam soils were 0 > 2 > 14 DAT and 0 = 2 > 14 DAT, respectively.

Effects of Soil/Solution Ratios and Cation Types on Adsorption and Desorption of Tetracycline in Soils

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 1553-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanyu Bao ◽  
Qixing Zhou ◽  
Ying Wan ◽  
Qiang Yu ◽  
Xiujie Xie
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Adsorption And Desorption
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