PALEOENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A LOWER CRETACEOUS PALEOLAKE FROM THE IGUATU BASIN BASED ON ITS OSTRACOD FAUNA AND XRF DATA

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a paleoenvironmental study of two Hauterivian–Aptian adjacent sections (Transnordestina A/B) of the Iguatu Basin using ostracods and aided by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (S), and spectral analyses. Cluster analysis divided the 10 genera found into two main groups: one composed of Alicenula-Pattersoncypris?-Brasacypris-Hastacypris-Ilyocypris?, and the second composed of Cypridea-Looneyellopsis-Rhinocypris?. The first group is interpreted as representing paleoenvironments with permanent waterbodies, such as lakes, and the second as being indicative of ephemeral settings, such as temporary pools in an inundation plain. XRF analysis using the positive peaks of Ca/Ti and Ca/ΣTi, Fe, Al ratios show a few dry periods, particularly in the lower and middle part of Transnordestina A, between 0 to 175 m and 385 to 475 m, which also display a small number of ostracods. Total S shows several high peaks which might be indicative of gypsum deposition during droughts. Spectral analysis of molar Ti/Al ratio shows two intervals with different sedimentation rates, between 0 and 233 m, and 233 to 836 m. For the first interval, six 100 ka eccentricity cycles were identified; the low number of ostracods for the interval and highly variable Ca/Ti and Ca/ΣTi, Fe, Al values indicate a different sedimentation rate in a drier environment. For the second interval, ten 405 ka cycles were identified; its higher ostracod count and more stable Ca/Ti and Ca/ΣTi, Fe, Al values could be indicative of increasing humidity.

Warm Plasma Application in Tar Conversion and Syngas Valorization: The Fate of Hydrogen Sulfide

Warm plasma techniques are considered a promising method of tar removal in biomass-derived syngas. The fate of another problematic syngas impurity—hydrogen sulfide—is studied in this work. It is revealed that processing simulated syngas with a microwave plasma results in hydrogen sulfide conversion. For different gas flow rates (20–40 NLPM) and hydrogen sulfide concentrations ranging from 250 ppm to 750 ppm, the conversion rate varies from ca. 26% to 45%. The main sulfur-containing products are carbon disulfide (ca. 30% of total sulfur) and carbonyl sulfide (ca. 8% of total sulfur). Besides them, significantly smaller quantities of sulfates and benzothiophene are also detected. The main components of syngas have a tremendous impact on the fate of hydrogen sulfide. While the presence of carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide, and tar surrogate (toluene) leads to the formation of carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, sulfur dioxide, and benzothiophene, respectively, the abundance of hydrogen results in the recreation of hydrogen sulfide. Consequently, the presence of hydrogen in the simulated syngas is the main factor that determines the low conversion rate of hydrogen sulfide. Conversion of hydrogen sulfide into various sulfur compounds might be problematic in the context of syngas purification and the application of the right technique for sulfur removal.

Optimal Standardized Ileal Digestible Total Sulfur Amino Acids to Lysine REQUIREMENTS Are Increased in Nursery Pigs Raised under Antibiotic-Free Feeding Regime

This study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing the standardized ileal digestible (SID) total sulfur amino acid to lysine (TSAA:Lys) on the growth performance of nursery pigs raised with or without antibiotics (AGP) and to determine the optimal SID TSAA:Lys in nursery pigs raised without AGP. In Exp. 1, 924 nursery pigs (7.9 ± 1.3 kg), blocked by initial BW and sex, were randomly allotted to one of six treatments, with seven pens per treatment and twenty-two pigs per pen. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design, with two AGP levels (0 or 50 mg/kg Carbodox) and three levels of SID TSAA:Lys (51.0, 58.5 or 66.0%). In Exp. 2, 990 weaned piglets (5.1 ± 0.9 kg), blocked by initial BW and sex, were randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments (SID TSAA:Lys at 51, 58, 65, 72 or 79%) in the absence of AGP, with nine pens per treatment and twenty-two pigs per pen. Competing heteroskedastic models including broken-line linear (BLL), broken-line quadratic (BLQ), and quadratic polynomial (QP) were fitted for the growth performance data to estimate the optimal TSAA:Lys. In Exp. 1, AGP supplementation increased (p < 0.05) ADG and ADFI during the 21 d period. Increasing SID TSAA:Lys in the diets with AGP did not affect growth performance; however, increasing SID TSAA:Lys in the diets without AGP resulted in a linear increase (p < 0.05) in ADG and G:F. In Exp. 2, the best-fitting models for ADG and G:F from d 0 to 21 post-weaning were BLL, which yielded the optimal SID TSAA:Lys of 62% and 72%, respectively. The best-fitting models for ADG and G:F from d 21 to 42 post-weaning were BLL, which yielded the optimal SID TSAA:Lys of 59% and 58%, respectively. In conclusion, SID TSAA to Lys requirements under an antibiotic-free feeding regime during the first 21 d post-weaning were 62% and 72% in terms of ADG and G:F, respectively, whereas an SID TSAA:Lys of approximately 58% was required to maximize ADG and G:F for the late nursery phase.

475 The Effect of Increasing Total Sulfur Amino Acids to Lysine Level and Methionine Source on Growth Performance and Oxidative Parameters of Nursery Pigs Fed Oxidized Soybean Oil

Total sulfur amino acids (TSAA): Lys level and Met source effects on growth performance and oxidative status were evaluated in nursery pigs fed oxidized soybean-oil. A total of 240 weaned pigs (BW=5.84± 0.96kg) were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 60 pens. Treatments included a positive control containing fresh soybean-oil (PC) and 4 peroxidized soybean-oil treatments in a 2×2 factorial of 2 Met sources (DL-Met vs. 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoate [HMTBa]) and 2 standardized ileal digestible TSAA: Lys levels (L1=0.58 vs. L2=0.65). Diets were fed for 42d. One pig per pen was euthanized at d42 for tissue analyses. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. TSAA: Lys ratio did not affect ADG and ADFI. Met source did not affect ADG. HMTBa tended to increase ADFI compared to DL-Met (P = 0.08). There was a tendency for interaction between TSAA: Lys level and Met source for G: F (P = 0.07); pigs fed HMTBa-L1 tended to have decreased G: F compared to HMTBa-L2 and DL-Met-L1-L2. HMTBa had increased liver total antioxidant status (TAS) compared to DL-Met (P = 0.02). There was no TSAA:Lys level effect on TAS. Comparing PC to peroxidized treatments: pigs fed HMTBa-L1 and DL-Met-L1 tended to have decreased ADG (P ≤ 0.10) and DL-Met-L2 had decreased ADG (P &lt; 0.05) than PC. HMTBa-L2 was similar to PC. Pigs fed DL-Met-L1 had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) and DL-Met-L2 tended to have decreased ADFI (P ≤ 0.10) than PC. HMTBa-L1-L2 were similar to PC. All peroxidized treatments had similar G:F compared to PC. Pigs fed DL-Met-L2 tended to have decreased TAS compared to PC (P ≤ 0.10), but PC was similar to pigs fed DL-Met-L1 and HMTBa-L1-L2. In conclusion, under an oxidative challenge, HMTBa, at a TSAA: Lys ratio of 0.65, maintained nursery pigs’ growth performance and oxidative status.

PSX-A-17 Late-Breaking: Methionine and total sulfur amino acid requirements for pups (>14 wk to 9 months), adults, and senior Labrador Retrievers using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique

Methionine and cystine are often considered limiting amino acids in canine diets but limited requirement studies have been conducted especially for different life stages. Eighteen Labrador Retrievers (6 pups (&gt;14 wk-9 month), 6 adults, and 6 seniors [&gt;8yr)] were utilized in feeding studies to evaluate the changing requirements of methionine (Met) and total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) as canines age. For this study, the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique was utilized to determine the amino acid (AA) requirements in each of the three age groups. Dogs were subjected to diets ranging from deficient to excess, with indispensable amino acids formulated at 1.6x NRC values. To allow for adaptation, a control diet with same dietary ingredients, protein and amino acid levels was fed for two days prior to feeding the test diets on the third day. On test day, a baseline breath sample was collected for determining CO2 production using a respiration mask (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments). A priming dose of L-[1-13C] phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on body weight was utilized, followed by [1-13C] Phe doses every 30 minutes, spanning a four hour period. After each dose 13CO2 was collected, and enrichment was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a piecewise model of best fit (JMP® Pro 16). A segmented line regression showed Met and TSAA mean and population requirements for pups (&gt;14 wk-9 mo.) were 0.78 ± 0.16 and 1.53 ± 0.21 g/1000kcal (mean ± 2SD), respectively. Meanwhile, for adults, mean and population requirements for Met and TSAA were estimated to be 0.68 ± 0.19 and 1.4 ± 0.30 g/1000kcal (mean ± 2SD), respectively, and for seniors, Met and TSAA mean and population requirements were determined to be 0.62 ± 0.17 and 1.27 ± 0.23 g/1000kcal (mean ± 2SD), respectively.

ANALISIS PENGARUH CURAH HUJAN TERHADAP PARAMETER KUALITAS BATUBARA PADA SEAM 12 MAWAR DI STOCK ROM MALINTUT PT MULTI TAMBANGJAYA UTAMA

Permasalahan yang timbul dari parameter kualitas batubara ini adalah hujan yang sering melanda pit atau stock ROM mengakibatkan kualitas batubara tidak stabil sehingga perlu diadakannya penanganan kualitas batubara. Lokasi kegiatan di PT Multi Tambangjaya Utama di Kabupaten Barito Selatan, Provinsi Kaliantan Selatan.Pada penelitian ini, melakukan sampling sebelum hujan dan ± 12 jam setelah hujan dan menganalisis sampel batubara dilaboratorium data – data yang didapat adalah nilai total moisture, inherent moisture, ash content, volatile matter, total sulfur, calori value, serta menganalisa faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi pengurangan parameter kualitas batubara setelah hujan.Data hasil parameter kualitas batubara yang dianalisis adalah sebelum hujan: 1007 %TM 8.57 (ar), %IM 3.94 (adb), %ASH 5.45 (adb), %VM 45.35 (adb), %FC 45.26 (adb), %TS 3.23 (adb), CV 6913 kcal/kg (ar).Data hasil parameter kualitas batubara setelah hujan adalah : 1507 %TM 7.02 (ar) karena cuaca panas dan sampel dalam keadaan kering, 2208 %TM 10.81 (ar) karena cuaca gerimis selama 75 menit dan sampel dalam keadaan lembab, 2907 %IM 4.47 (adb), 3207 %IM 3.66 (adb) karena proses equilibrium (pengoksidian sampel pada suhu dan kelembaban ruang uji) di laboratorium yang kurang stabil, 2907 %ASH 6.87 (adb), 2208 %ASH 3.92 (adb) karena proses pencucian secara alami yang disebabkan oleh hujan, 2707 %VM 42.83 (adb), 2208 %VM 45.60 (adb) karena karena total moisture naik, 2907 %TS 3.79 (adb), 2108 %TS 2.96 (adb), karena pencucian alami yang disebabkan oleh hujan sulfur yang dimaksud pyritic sulfur, 1507 CV 7096 kcal/kg (ar), 2208 CV 6702 kcal/kg (ar) karena semakin tinggi moisture dan abu, semakin kecil nilai kalorinya. Kata kunci: kualitas batubara, pengaruh hujan, stock ROM