Effect of Weed Species and Placement on Seed Cotton Yields

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Intense Competition ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Anoda Cristata

Over a 3-yr period the placement of weeds in relation to cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) plants greatly influenced the seed cotton yields. After 3-yr of competition the cotton with no weeds yielded about 2300 kg/ha. With weeds confined to between-the-rows placement, yields were about 850 kg/ha. When weeds were confined to in-the-row placement, the cotton was completely shaded and produced no yield. After 3-yr of intense competition throughout each entire growing season no statistical differences were demonstrated between the competitiveness of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.], spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.], prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) to cotton.

Fusarium lateritium: A Pathogen of Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata), Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa), and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 629-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Lynn Walker
Keyword(s):  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Fusarium Lateritium ◽  
Hibiscus Trionum ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Stem Lesions ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Anoda Cristata

An isolate ofFusarium lateritium(Nees) emend. Snyder and Hansen was associated with naturally occurring disease of spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.] and prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) plants. In greenhouse inoculation studies, theFusariumisolate was pathogenic to healthy spurred anoda and prickly sida plants. The disease symptoms were characterized by leaf, stem, and root lesions. The stem lesions enlarged with time and formed cankers that often girdled the stems and killed inoculated plants. In host-range studies, velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), Venice mallow (Hibiscus trionumL.), okra [Abelmoschus esculentus(L.) Moench], and hollyhock [Althaea rosea(L.) Cav.] were also susceptible to the pathogen. This is the first report of these six species as hosts for this pathogen. Corn (Zea maysL.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. andG. barbadenseL.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], and 18 other representative crop and weed species in eight families were resistant to the pathogen.F. lateritiummay be a useful biological herbicide for susceptible malvaceous weeds.

Competition of Prickly Sida with Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Buchanan ◽  
R.H. Crowley ◽  
R.D. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Cotton Plant ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida

Seed cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) yields were not reduced when competing with prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) for 7 weeks or less after cotton emergence and maintained weed-free for the remainder of the season. Cotton yields were not affected when pure prickly sida stands were controlled for 5 to 6 weeks after cotton emergence and then allowed to grow uncontrolled for the remainder of the season. In the more severe weed competition treatments, cotton plant height and main stem diameter were reduced; however, yield of seed cotton was the most sensitive indicator of prickly sida competition. Maturity of cotton, as measured by percent of total yield obtained at first picking, indicated a delay in maturity in 1 of 3 yr in treatments where competing prickly sida was present for 8 weeks or more. In density studies, where prickly sida emerged with cotton and was allowed to compete for the full growing season, 45 prickly sida plants/15 m of row caused reductions in yield of seed cotton in two of five experiments. In another series of three experiments as few as 32 prickly sida plants/15 m of row significantly reduced seed cotton yields in two of the three experiments. Trash content of machine-harvested cotton was increased at densities of 64 and 128 prickly sida plants/15 m of row in one experiment. Staple length and grade of cotton were not affected by any weed density studied. Micronaire measurements of cotton were reduced at prickly sida densities of 64 and 128 weeds/15 m of row during 1972.

Competition of Spurred Anoda, Velvetleaf, Prickly Sida, and Venice Mallow in Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Hibiscus Trionum ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Competition Period ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Anoda Cristata

Spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.], velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic), prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) and Venice mallow (Hibiscus trionumL.) competition in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213′) was studied during 1973 and 1974. Cotton height was reduced by full-season competition of all species at a density greater than 32 plants/12 m of crop row. Full-season cotton competition reduced the dry matter production of velvetleaf, spurred anoda, prickly sida, and Venice mallow at weed densities less than 8, 16, 32, or 64 plants/12 m of crop row, respectively. Full-season competition resulted in seed cotton yield reductions by spurred anoda, velvetleaf, and prickly sida at 8, 16, and 64, plants/12 m of crop row, respectively. Competition from 2 weeks after cotton emergence until harvest by spurred anoda at 16 plants/12 m, and velvetleaf or prickly sida at 64 plants/12 m, reduced yields. Spurred anoda, velvetleaf, or prickly sida competition 4 to 6 weeks after cotton emergence until harvest did not reduce the seed cotton yields. Venice mallow competition did not reduce yields at any density or competition period.

Weed management in bromoxynil-resistantGossypium hirsutum

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 596-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary D. Paulsgrove ◽  
John W. Wilcut
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Cassia Occidentalis ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Anoda Cristata

An experiment was conducted at two locations in Georgia and two locations in North Carolina during 1994 and 1995 to evaluate weed management in conventional-tillage bromoxynil-resistantGossypium hirsutumL. (cotton). The weed management systems evaluated included different combinations of fluometuron preemergence (PRE), bromoxynil or bromoxynil plus MSMA early postemergence (EPOST), bromoxynil postemergence (POST), and cyanazine plus MSMA late post-directed (LAYBY). Fluometuron PRE improved control ofAcanthospermum hisptdiumDC. (bristly starbur),Cassia occidentalisL. (coffee senna),Chenopodium albumL. (common lambsquarters),Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC. (Florida beggarweed),Sida spinosaL. (prickly sida),Jacquemontia tamnifolia(L.) Griseb. (smallflower morningglory), andAnoda cristata(L.) Schlecht. (spurred anoda), compared to system that did not use fluometuron PRE. It also improvedG. hirsutumyields at three four locations. Bromoxynil-containing systems provided better weed control and higherG. hirsutumyields than systems without bromoxynil. Bromoxynil EPOST controlledA. hispidium, C. occidentalis, C. album, D. tortuosum, S. spinosa, J. tamnifolia, andA. cristata.Control of these species was frequently improved by a second application of bromoxynil POST. Bromoxynil EPOST, POST, or EPOST plus POST did not controlSenna obtusifolia(L.) Irwin and Barneby (sicklepod), but the addition of MSMA to bromoxynil EPOST improvedS. obtusifoliacontrol. Control of all dicotyledonous weeds was improved by a LAYBY treatment of cyanazine plus MSMA, and yields were improved at three of four locations with this treatment.Gossypium hirsutumwas not injured by POST treatments of bromoxynil, and only temporary injury resulted from POST treatments of MSMA.

Influence of Time of Planting and Distance from the Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Row of Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa), and Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) on Competitiveness with Cotton

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Buchanan ◽  
J. E. Street ◽  
R. H. Crowley
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Ipomoea Lacunosa ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida

Influence of time of planting and distance from the cotton row of pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosaL.), prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) on yield of seed cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213’) was determined on Decatur clay loam during 1975 through 1978. Weed growth was measured in 1977 and 1978. Seeds of the three weed species were planted 15, 30, or 45 cm from the cotton row at time of planting cotton or 4 weeks later. Weeds planted 4 weeks after planting cotton grew significantly less than did weeds planted at the same time as cotton. When planted with cotton, redroot pigweed produced over twice as much fresh weight as did prickly sida or pitted morningglory. The distance that weeds were planted from the cotton row did not affect weed growth in 1978, but did in 1977. The distance that weeds were planted from the cotton row did not affect their competitiveness in any year as measured by yield of cotton. However, in each year, yields of cotton were reduced to a greater extent by weeds planted with cotton than when planted 4 weeks later. In 3 of 4 yr, there were significant differences in competitiveness of each of the three weed species with cotton.

Effects of Chilling on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), and Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata)

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Patterson ◽  
E. P. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Anoda Cristata

The effects of short exposures to low temperature on cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213′), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic), and spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.] were studied in controlled environment chambers. A 3-day exposure to 17/13 C day/night temperatures 24 days after planting significantly reduced dry weight, leaf area and height in all three species when compared to control plants maintained at 26/21 C day/night. After subsequent periods of 7 days at 26/21 C and 8 days at 29/23 C, the two weed species recovered in growth more completely than did cotton. Therefore, the weed/crop ratios for dry weight and leaf area were increased by the imposition of the cold treatment. Mathematical analysis of the growth of the three species indicated that the growth reductions during the cold treatment were caused by decreases in both net assimilation rate and leaf area duration. The net photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductances of individual leaves of cotton and velvetleaf were significantly reduced during the cold treatment but recovered to control levels during a subsequent 4-day exposure to 26/21 C. We conclude that the adverse effects of low temperatures on the growth of cotton, velvetleaf, and spurred anoda are caused mainly by reductions in leaf area production. Because of its slower and less complete recovery, cotton is more severely affected by low temperature than either of the two weeds. Our results help explain the observation that velvetleaf and spurred anoda are more competitive with cotton following abnormally cool periods early in the growing season.

Primary Root Elongation of Three Weed Species

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Teem ◽  
C. S. Hoveland ◽  
G. A. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Ipomoea Purpurea ◽  
Primary Root Growth ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Prickly Sida

Primary root elongation of prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) at pH 5.5 was similar to that at pH 6.5 while sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) was reduced to 62% and tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea(L.) Roth] to 87% of that at pH 6.5. At pH 5.1, root elongation of prickly sida was reduced to 77% of that at pH 5.5. Some elongation was observed in the pH range of 5.1 to 6.5 for all species. Maximum primary root growth of tall morningglory, sicklepod, and prickly sida occurred at approximately 32° which was similar to that for cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Empire’). Temperature as high as 39° did not significantly reduce root elongation of sicklepod. Tall morningglory root growth was reduced approximately 50% by 0.2 ppm of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine). In contrast, sicklepod and prickly sida root growth was reduced only slightly by 1 ppm of trifluralin.

Yields of Three Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Cultivars as Influenced by Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata) Competition

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Chandler ◽  
William R. Meredith
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Anoda Cristata

The effect of duration of spurred anoda [Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.] competition on maturity and yield of three cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars was studied during 1975 through 1977. The seed cotton yields averaged over 3 yr for ‘DES 21326-04′, 'Stoneville 213′, and ‘Deltapine 16’ were 1850, 1570, and 1520 kg/ha, respectively. DES 21326-04 produced 50% of its yield 3 to 8 days earlier than Deltapine 16 or Stoneville 213 with no spurred anoda competition and 6 to 10 days earlier with spurred anoda competition. Spurred anoda competition from planting until July 10, August 10, and September 10 resulted in average yield decreases of 12, 37, and 38%, respectively. Yield reductions varied with cultivar. Deltapine 16 was more competitive than the other two cultivars. Early-season spurred anoda competition reduced the yield of the earliest-maturing cultivar DES 21326-04 more than that of Deltapine 16 or Stoneville 213.

Evaluation ofAlternaria macrosporaas a Potential Biocontrol Agent for Spurred Anoda (Anoda cristata): Host Range Studies

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 612-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Walker ◽  
G. L. Sciumbato
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Hibiscus Trionum ◽  
Potential Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Specialized Form ◽  
Hibiscus Esculentus ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Anoda Cristata

The host range of an isolate of the fungal pathogenAlternaria macrosporaZimmerman from infected spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht.] leaves was studied in the greenhouse and growth chamber. The fungus was inoculated to representative plants in the Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Leguminosae, and Gramineae families. Evidence of infection was limited to plants in the Malvaceae, with spurred anoda being the most susceptible species tested. Only negligible damage was incited on cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213′) and long staple cotton (G. barbadenseL. ‘Pima S–5′), hollyhock [Althaea rosea(L.) Cav.], okra (Hibiscus esculentusL. ‘Clemson spineless’), prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), and Venice mallow (Hibiscus trionumL.). Disease symptoms induced in cotton by the spurred anoda isolate ofA. macrosporawere much less severe than those reported for other isolates of the fungus. Therefore, the spurred anoda isolate may be a specialized form of the fungus.

Imazethapyr for Broadleaf Weed Control in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Wilcut ◽  
F. Robert Walls ◽  
David N. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Pyridine Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Eclipta Prostrata ◽  
Pyridine Carboxylic ◽  
Sida Spinosa ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Anoda Cristata

Abstract Field experiments were conducted at the Tidewater Agric. Exp. Station, Suffolk, VA in 1988 and 1989 to evaluate imazethapyr [(±)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridine-carboxylic acid]for broadleaf weed control in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Imazethapyr was applied preplant-incorporated (PPI), preemergence (PRE), at ground-cracking (GC), and postemergence (POT) at rates of 0.036, 0.071, or 0.105 kg ai ha-1. Several sequential imazathapyr systems were also included. The standard of pendimethalin (N-ethylpropyl)-3, 4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine) PPI, metolachlor(2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide) PRE, and acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid) plus bentazon (3-(1-methyethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2, 2-dioxide) POT was included for comparative purposes. Imazethapyr applied either PPI or PRE at 0.071 or 0.105 kg ha-1 provided <90% spurred anoda (Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.), control and <96% prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), control. Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) control was 95% when imazathapyr was applied PRE at 0.105 kg ha-1. Greater than 90% annual morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) control was only achieved with imazethapyr applied PPI or PRE at 0.105 kg ha-1. The standard provided complete control of eclipta, and 51%, 92%, and 94% control of spurred anoda (Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.), prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), and annual morningglories, respectively. Several imazethapyr systems yielded equivalent to the standard. Averaged across all rates, imazathapyr applied PPI yielded 4110 kg ha-1, PRE = 3860 kg ha-1, GC = 3680 kg ha-1, and POT = 3370 kg ha-1. Several imazethapyr systems provided net returns equivalent to the standard. Corn grown the following year was not injured by any imazethapyr treatment to peanuts the previous year.

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