Reduction in Weed Control After Repeat Applications of Thiocarbamate and Other Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reed A. Gray ◽  
Grant K. Joo
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Soil Application ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Reduced Activity

Of 17 thiocarbamate herbicides tested in the greenhouse in repeat soil applications made 4 to 16 weeks apart, 9 showed definite losses in herbicidal activity after the second application. Those showing reduced activity included EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate), and butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate), which have been reported previously to develop accelerated breakdown, plus R-15574 (S-benzyl dipropylthiocarbamate and the sulfoxides of EPTC, vernolate, butylate, SC-7829 (S-propyl diisobutylthiocarbamate), and SC-8149 (S-butyl diisobutylthiocarbamate). Thiocarbamates that showed no significant reduction in activity after the second application were pebulate (S-propyl butylethylthiocarbamate), cycloate (S-ethylN-ethylthiocyclohexanecarbamate), molinate (S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate), R-1880 (S-ethyl dibutylthiocarbamate), R-1856 (S-tertiarybutyl dipropylthiocarbamate), R-1853 (S-isobutyl diethylthiocarbamate), R-1906 (S-butyl diisopropylthiocarbamate), and R-12001 [S-isopropyl 1-(5-ethyl-2-methyl)piperidine carbothioate]. Of 16 nonthiocarbamate herbicides tested, a reduction in control of weeds occurred after the second soil application with 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid), chlorpropham (isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate), propham (isopropyl carbanilate), TCA (trichloroacetic acid), pronamide [3,5-dichloro (N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide], napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide], bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide], alachlor [2-chloro-2’,6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], and diethatyl [N-(chloroacetyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)glycine]. Losses with the latter five herbicides after repeat application have not been reported previously.

Herbicides in Irrigation Water Following Canal-Bank Treatment for Weed Control

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 687-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Frank ◽  
R. J. Demint ◽  
R. D. Comes
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Concentrations of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) were determined in irrigation water following bank applications for weed control. Maximum concentrations of dalapon in the water varied from 23 to 365 ppb from application rates of 6.7 to 20 lb/A. The highest levels of TCA ranged from 31 to 128 ppb following applications of 3.8 to 5.9 lb/A. Applications of 1.9 to 3 lb/A of 2,4-D produced maximum concentrations of 25 to 61 ppb. Reduction of herbicide levels appeared to be due to dilution as the water flowed downstream. Rates of reduction in herbicide levels showed that negligible concentrations would remain after the water traveled a distance of 20 to 25 miles. The low concentrations of herbicides observed in the irrigation water likely would not be hazardous to crops or animals.

Bioassay of Herbicide Combinations with Rice

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Hardcastle ◽  
R. E. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Individual Compound ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Synergistic Combinations

Rice (Oryza sativa L., var. Bluebonnet) bioassay was utilized to evaluate activity of several herbicide combinations at concentrations of each individual compound causing a 50% reduction in root length. Synergistic combinations were trichloroacetic acid (TCA) plus 1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea (fenuron); TCA plus 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (monuron); TCA plus 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron); TCA plus 3-amino-s-triazole (amitrole); TCA plus 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon); and dalapon plus monuron. Additive results were obtained from combinations of TCA plus 1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione (MH); dalapon plus fenuron; and dalapon plus diuron. MH and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) exhibited antagonistic responses when combined with fenuron, monuron, diuron, dalapon, amitrole, and with each other. Antagonistic responses were obtained from combination of 2,4-D and TCA.

Influence of Picloram Alone or Plus 2,4-D on Control of Wild Oats (Avena fatua) with Four Postemergence Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 889-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ashley O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Commercial Mixture ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides

Field experiments were conducted for 2 yr to determine the influence of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) and a commercial mixture of picloram plus 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] (1:16, w/w) on control of wild oats (Avena fatua L. # AVEFA) with four postemergence herbicides. The phytotoxicity to wild oats of barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) or difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium) in 1981 and diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy] propanoic acid} or flamprop [N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-DL-alanine] in 1981 and 1982 was reduced when these herbicides were applied in a mixture with picloram plus 2,4-D. Consequently, the use of these mixtures for broad-spectrum weed control in one spray operation is not recommended. Picloram applied at a rate equivalent to the amount present in the picloram plus 2,4-D mixture did not influence the control of wild oats obtained with any herbicide, indicating that the antagonism was due to the 2,4-D component of the picloram plus 2,4-D mixture.

Control of Green Sagewort in the Nebraska Sandhills

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 465-469
Author(s):  
L. A. Morrow ◽  
M. K. McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Nebraska Sandhills ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Artemisia Campestris ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Plots were established in 1970 in the Nebraska Sandhills for the control of green sagewort (Artemisia campestris L.). Herbicides were applied in 1970; 1970 and 1971; 1970, 1971, and 1972; and 1970 and 1972. Nitrogen fertilizer at 45 kg/ha was applied in 1973. Herbicide treatments included 2,4-D amine [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], 2,4-D ester, 2,4,5-T [(2,4-5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], silvex [2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid], and mixtures of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) or dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) and 2,4-D amine. Herbicides were most effective for the control of broadleaf weeds when they were applied in 3 consecutive years or in alternate years. Herbicides applied only once did not effectively control broadleaf weeds. When nitrogen was applied after weed control treatments, weed production increased if herbicide applications were not effective. If weed control treatments were effective, nitrogen did not affect weed production.

Selective Weed Control in Seedling Cool-Season Grasses

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Canode ◽  
W. C. Robocker
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Selective Control ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Grass Establishment ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Seven herbicides were applied for selective weed control on three different seedling stands of five cool-season grasses. The herbicides were evaluated for their influence on weed control, grass establishment, and first crop grass seed production. These experiments indicate that 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (bromoxynil) was outstanding in selective control of broadleaf weeds in seedling grass stands. Two other herbicides, 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) and 6,7-dihydrodipyrido[1,2-a:2′,1′-c]pyrazinediium ion (diquat) were valuable under most conditions. The remaining herbicides—(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb), 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid (2,3,6-TBA), and 1-butyl-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (neburon)—were satisfactory for selective weed control under some conditions, but their effects were not uniform for the different species and plantings.

Glyphosate for Weed Control in Dormant Bermudagrass

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Winter Annuals ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The control of winter annuals in dormant bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Common’] has not been consistent with available herbicides. Experiments were conducted to evaluate rates and number of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] applications for control of winter annuals growing in dormant bermudagrass. Glyphosate applied as a single treatment at 0.6 kg/ha consistently controlled more parsley-piert (Alchemilla microcorpaBoissier Reuter), corn speedwell (Veronica arvensisL.), and henbit (Lamium amplexicauleL.) than paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) or combination treatments of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid) + mecoprop 2[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] propionic acid + dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid). There was no difference between glyphosate and paraquat control of annual bluegrass (Poa annuaL.) and common chickweed [Stellaria media(L.) Cyrillo]. Glyphosate treatments did not injure the bermudagrass the following spring.

Detoxification of 2,4-D by Several Plant Species

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Dexter ◽  
F. W. Slife ◽  
H. S. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Susceptible Plant ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The amount of free, unaltered (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) in resistant and susceptible plant species 1, 4, and 8 days after treatment was determined by three procedures. Centrifugation and chromatography of plant homogenates was a more reliable assay than trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation or dialysis procedures. The foliar penetration of 14C-2-4-D and radioactivity which moved from roots into the growth media following foliar application of 14C-2,4-D varied from one plant species to another, but no general correlations with 2,4-D resistance was observed. The resistant burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) were not fatally injured primarily because unaltered 2,4-D was immobilized in the treated leaves and unaltered, free 2,4-D was reduced to nontoxic concentrations. The 2,4-D in susceptible cocklebur (Xanthium sp.) remained largely as free and mobile 2,4-D, and the treated plants were near death 8 days after treatment.

Protecting Corn (Zea mays) from Herbicide Injury with R – 25788

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Martin ◽  
O. C. Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Use of R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) eliminated early-season corn (Zea maysL. '501D′) injury, stand loss, and yield reduction caused by EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) at 3.4, 6.7, and 13.4 kg/ha. R-25788 also eliminated early-season corn injury from butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate) at 9.0 kg/ha. R-25788 did not consistently prevent corn yield reduction from 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] or EPTC + 2,4-D. R-25788 had no effect on weed control from any of the herbicides evaluated nor any effect by itself on corn injury or corn yield. No corn injury or yield reductions occurred from vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) at rates up to 6.7 kg/ha or alachlor [2-chloro-2′, 6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at rates up to 13.4 kg/ha. Early-season corn injury frequently did not result in reduced corn yield.

Absorption and Translocation of 2,4-D by Wolftail (Carex Cherokeensis Schwein)

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl R. Burns ◽  
Gale A. Buchanan ◽  
A. E. Hiltbold
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Absorption and translocation of the sodium salt of radioactive (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D-2-14C) by wolftail (Carex cherokeensis Schwein) plants grown from rhizomes were enhanced by high relative humidity but were not affected by dimethyl sulfoxide (hereinafter referred to as DMSO). Greatest accumulation of 2,4-D-2-14C translocated from the treated leaf occurred, in the meristematic tissue. DMSO increased the herbicidal activity of the triethanolamine salt of 2,4-D alone, but 2,4-D plus DMSO was no more effective than 2,4-D plus X-77. When both DMSO and X-77 were added to the 2,4-D solution, the treatments were no more effective than when either additive alone was included.

Tolerance of Two Sugarcane Cultivars to Terbacil, Fenac, and Dalapon

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Matherne ◽  
R. W. Millhollon
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Over The Top

Two Louisiana sugarcane cultivars (interspecific hybrids of the genusSaccharum) CP 52–68 and L 60-25 were sprayed with herbicides commonly used for preemergence and postemergence control of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.) and other weeds. The preemergence weed control treatments of 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil) at 1.8 kg/ha and (2,3,6-trichlorophenyl)acetic acid (fenac) at 5 kg/ha were compared to a mixture of sodium salt of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) at 11 or 19 kg/ha plus 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (silvex) at 3.4 kg/ha (control). Herbicides were applied after planting in the fall, reapplied the following spring (after sugarcane emerged), and applied again in the second spring on the stubble crop (after sugarcane emerged). In the stubble crop the sodium salt of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) at 0, 5, or 10 kg/ha was applied as a postemergence spray over the top of sugarcane. In the factorial arrangement each cultivar received all combinations of the preemergence x postemergence treatments.Terbacil did not injure either cultivar, but fenac injured both enough to reduce the yield of sugar in plant cane by about 10% as compared to the TCA plus silvex control. Stubble crop yields were not affected by fenac or terbacil. CP 52–68 was more tolerant to dalapon treatments than L 60–25. Both cultivars tolerated dalapon at 5 kg/ha relatively well although the yield of L 60–25 was reduced by about 5%. However at 10 kg/ha, dalapon reduced yields of CP 52–68 and L 60–25 by about 10 and 18%, respectively. Combinations of preemergence and postemergence treatments did not interact to reduce yields more than the combined effects of each treatment.

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