Detoxification of 2,4-D by Several Plant Species

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Dexter ◽  
F. W. Slife ◽  
H. S. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Susceptible Plant ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The amount of free, unaltered (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) in resistant and susceptible plant species 1, 4, and 8 days after treatment was determined by three procedures. Centrifugation and chromatography of plant homogenates was a more reliable assay than trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation or dialysis procedures. The foliar penetration of 14C-2-4-D and radioactivity which moved from roots into the growth media following foliar application of 14C-2,4-D varied from one plant species to another, but no general correlations with 2,4-D resistance was observed. The resistant burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) were not fatally injured primarily because unaltered 2,4-D was immobilized in the treated leaves and unaltered, free 2,4-D was reduced to nontoxic concentrations. The 2,4-D in susceptible cocklebur (Xanthium sp.) remained largely as free and mobile 2,4-D, and the treated plants were near death 8 days after treatment.

Interactions of Diclofop-Methyl and 2,4-D in Cultivated Oats (Avena sativa)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Fletcher ◽  
D. M. Drexler
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Methyl Methyl ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
Leaf Segments ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Chlorophyll Formation

The chlorophyll levels and growth of oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Elgin’) seedlings were drastically reduced after foliar application of diclofop-methyl {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate}. The leaves were chlorotic and necrotic with the newly emerging leaves being most affected. Plants treated with 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] were similar to the controls. When 2,4-D was applied to intact plants in combination with diclofop-methyl the toxicity symptoms produced by diclofop-methyl were reduced. Diclofop-methyl disrupted membrane integrity and inhibited chlorophyll formation in excised leaf segments. Addition of 2,4-D with diclofop-methyl did not change the effects produced by diclofop-methyl alone in excised leaf segments.

Control of Wild Cane in Corn

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. C. Burnside
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The most effective and dependable method of controlling wild cane [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in corn (Zea mays L.) was with a combination of cultivation plus herbicides. Timely cultivations were equally or more effective than preplant herbicides in controlling wild cane, but neither method was adequate by itself. The best herbicide in this study for the control of wild cane in corn was S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) alone or in combination with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) or 2-chloro-4,6-bis-(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine). Residual effects of simazine at 4 lb/A in the soil reduced the yield of the following oats (Avena sativa L.) crop 1 out of 3 years.

Bioassay of Herbicide Combinations with Rice

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Hardcastle ◽  
R. E. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Individual Compound ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Synergistic Combinations

Rice (Oryza sativa L., var. Bluebonnet) bioassay was utilized to evaluate activity of several herbicide combinations at concentrations of each individual compound causing a 50% reduction in root length. Synergistic combinations were trichloroacetic acid (TCA) plus 1,1-dimethyl-3-phenylurea (fenuron); TCA plus 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (monuron); TCA plus 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron); TCA plus 3-amino-s-triazole (amitrole); TCA plus 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon); and dalapon plus monuron. Additive results were obtained from combinations of TCA plus 1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione (MH); dalapon plus fenuron; and dalapon plus diuron. MH and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) exhibited antagonistic responses when combined with fenuron, monuron, diuron, dalapon, amitrole, and with each other. Antagonistic responses were obtained from combination of 2,4-D and TCA.

Translocation of Different 2,4-D, Bentazon, Diclofop, or Diclofop-Methyl Combinations in Oat (Avena sativa) and Soybean (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 676-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Hall ◽  
Lloyd V. Edgington ◽  
Clayton M. Switzer
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Diphenyl Ether ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Treatment Zone ◽  
Meristematic Region ◽  
Ether Treatment ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Elgin′) and soybean (Glycine maxL. ‘Evans′) were treated with14C-diclofop-methyl {methyl ester of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propionic acid]} or14C-diclofop alone or in combination with 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] or bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] and14C-2,4-D alone or in combination with diclofop-methyl or diclofop. More radioactivity was recovered in the treatment zone after14C-diclofop-methyl applications, alone or in combination, than after similar14C-diclofop treatments in oat and soybean. Basipetal movement of radioactivity was 4 and 1% and acropetal movement was 1 and 4% in oat and soybean, respectively, regardless of the diphenyl ether treatment or time. Addition of 2,4-D or bentazon did not reduce translocation of radioactivity from14C-diclofop-methyl treatments in either plant species. Basipetal movement of radioactivity from14C-diclofop-methyl was greater than from14C-diclofop in both oat and soybean. The addition of diclofop-methyl or diclofop did not affect the pattern or amount of14C-2,4-D radioactivity translocated. In oats, radioactivity appeared to accumulate within the intercalary meristematic region with14C-2,4-D and14C-diphenyl-ether applications. Diclofop-methyl at 1 kg/ha applied either to an entire oat plant at the three-leaf stage or the apical meristemic region resulted in plant mortality. The extent to which transport contributes to diclofop-methyl efficacy is questioned.

Herbicides in Irrigation Water Following Canal-Bank Treatment for Weed Control

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 687-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Frank ◽  
R. J. Demint ◽  
R. D. Comes
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Concentrations of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) were determined in irrigation water following bank applications for weed control. Maximum concentrations of dalapon in the water varied from 23 to 365 ppb from application rates of 6.7 to 20 lb/A. The highest levels of TCA ranged from 31 to 128 ppb following applications of 3.8 to 5.9 lb/A. Applications of 1.9 to 3 lb/A of 2,4-D produced maximum concentrations of 25 to 61 ppb. Reduction of herbicide levels appeared to be due to dilution as the water flowed downstream. Rates of reduction in herbicide levels showed that negligible concentrations would remain after the water traveled a distance of 20 to 25 miles. The low concentrations of herbicides observed in the irrigation water likely would not be hazardous to crops or animals.

Reduction in Weed Control After Repeat Applications of Thiocarbamate and Other Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reed A. Gray ◽  
Grant K. Joo
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Soil Application ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Reduced Activity

Of 17 thiocarbamate herbicides tested in the greenhouse in repeat soil applications made 4 to 16 weeks apart, 9 showed definite losses in herbicidal activity after the second application. Those showing reduced activity included EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate), and butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate), which have been reported previously to develop accelerated breakdown, plus R-15574 (S-benzyl dipropylthiocarbamate and the sulfoxides of EPTC, vernolate, butylate, SC-7829 (S-propyl diisobutylthiocarbamate), and SC-8149 (S-butyl diisobutylthiocarbamate). Thiocarbamates that showed no significant reduction in activity after the second application were pebulate (S-propyl butylethylthiocarbamate), cycloate (S-ethylN-ethylthiocyclohexanecarbamate), molinate (S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate), R-1880 (S-ethyl dibutylthiocarbamate), R-1856 (S-tertiarybutyl dipropylthiocarbamate), R-1853 (S-isobutyl diethylthiocarbamate), R-1906 (S-butyl diisopropylthiocarbamate), and R-12001 [S-isopropyl 1-(5-ethyl-2-methyl)piperidine carbothioate]. Of 16 nonthiocarbamate herbicides tested, a reduction in control of weeds occurred after the second soil application with 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid), chlorpropham (isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate), propham (isopropyl carbanilate), TCA (trichloroacetic acid), pronamide [3,5-dichloro (N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide], napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide], bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide], alachlor [2-chloro-2’,6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], and diethatyl [N-(chloroacetyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)glycine]. Losses with the latter five herbicides after repeat application have not been reported previously.

Effects of Chlorsulfuron or 2,4-D upon Diclofop-Methyl Efficacy in Oat (Avena sativa)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 672-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Hall ◽  
Lloyd V. Edgington ◽  
Clayton M. Switzer
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Propanoic Acid ◽  
Equimolar Concentration ◽  
Methyl Methyl ◽  
Antagonistic Interaction ◽  
Coleoptile Elongation ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Elgin′) seedlings were treated with combinations of diclofop-methyl {methyl ester of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} and 2,4-D amine [dimethylamine salt of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] or diclofop-methyl and chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} to determine the effect of the added herbicide on diclofop-methyl activity. Diclofop-methyl applied alone at rates of 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 kg/ha killed the oat plants 14 days after treatment. When 2,4-D amine at 0.74 and 1.11 kg/ha was combined with diclofop-methyl, the phytotoxicity of diclofop-methyl was reduced. An antagonistic interaction between diclofop-methyl and 2,4-D was detected. Chlorsulfuron, applied alone, at 20, 40, or 60 g/ha did not affect the growth of oats. Chlorsulfuron additions did not affect the activity of diclofop-methyl. Diclofop-methyl reduced oat coleoptile elongation. Equimolar concentrations of diclofop-methyl and 2,4-D at or above 1 μM significantly reduced the 2,4-D response. A ten-fold increase of either 2,4-D or diclofop-methyl, above an equimolar concentration of 1 μM, significantly enhanced the effect of the herbicide being increased.

Wheat Tolerance to TCA for Green Foxtail Control

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. P. Chow ◽  
R. D. Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Seven cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and one hybrid (Triticale hexaploid Lart. ‘Rosner’) were evaluated in seven field experiments and one greenhouse test for tolerance to the postemergence application of the sodium salt of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for the control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). The control of green foxtail and broadleaf weeds was also studied. Of the seven cultivars, ‘Pitic 62’ and ‘Stewart’ were most susceptible to injury from TCA. All other cultivars were tolerant to 0.56 kg/ha. ‘Selkirk’ appeared to be most resistant. With ‘Manitou’ 0.56 kg/ha of TCA gave about 50% control of green foxtail. Higher rates permitted increased growth of broadleaf weeds as a result of reduced competition from injured wheat and green foxtail. Control of all weeds was improved by 10 to 30% when TCA was applied with one of the phenoxy herbicides. Satisfactory crop tolerance and good weed control was achieved with 0.56 kg/ha TCA and 0.56 kg/ha of the amine salt of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D).

Effect of Diallate on Foliar Uptake and Translocation of Herbicides in Pea

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Davis ◽  
Kendall E. Dusbabek
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Foliar Uptake ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Epicuticular Lipids

Exposure of pea plants (Pisum sativumL. ‘Little Marvel’) to vapors ofS-(2,3-dichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate (diallate) increased the subsequent foliar uptake of14C-labeled herbicides. Increased amounts of14C-activity were found in the tissues of diallate-treated plants as compared to the controls when herbicides were applied to the leaves as aqueous solutions or embedded in agar blocks. The herbicides were (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid-1-14C (2,4-D), uniformly ring-14C 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine),trichloroacetic acid-2-14C (TCA), and ethylene-14C 6,7-dihydrodipyrido[1,2-a:2′,1′-c]pyrazinediium ion (diquat). The increased movement of herbicides into diallate-treated peas was primarily attributed to a reduction of epicuticular lipids on leaves of the treated plants.

Plant Regeneration from Excised Cotyledons of Mature Strawberry Achenes

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Raymond Miller ◽  
Craig K. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Multiple Shoot ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Cotyledon Explants ◽  
Multiple Shoot Buds ◽  
Rapid Regeneration ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

A protocol was developed for excising and culturing cotyledon explants from mature achenes of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Cotyledon explants formed callus with multiple shoot buds on agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog media containing several combinations of hormones (1 μm 2,4-D; 10 μm 2,4-D; 1 μm BA + 1 μm 2,4-D; 1 μm BA + 10 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA; 5 μm BA + 1 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA + 10 μ m 2,4-D; 5 μ m BA + 5 μm NAA; 5 μ m BA + 15 μ m NAA). After three subcultures, only tissues maintained on the medium containing 5 μm BA + 5 μm NAA continued to form shoots. Tissues transferred to other media eventually died (1 μm 2,4-D; 1 μ m BA + 10 μ m 2,4-D; 5 μ m BA; 5 μ m BA + 1 μ m 2,4-D), became unorganized (1 μm BA + 1 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA + 10 μm 2,4-D; 5 μm BA + 15 μm NAA), or formed roots (10 μm 2,4-D). Whole plantlets were produced by transferring callus with buds to medium lacking hormones. The rapid regeneration of clonal plantlets from cotyledon explants may be useful for reducing variability in future developmental studies. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D); and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document