avena fatua
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PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262494
Author(s):  
Bhagirath Singh Chauhan

Avena fatua and A. ludoviciana (commonly known as wild oats) are the most problematic winter grass species in fallows and winter crops in the northeast region of Australia. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of glyphosate and alternative post-emergence herbicides on A. fatua and A. ludoviciana. This study reports the world’s first glyphosate-resistant (GR) biotypes of A. fatua and A. ludoviciana. The glyphosate dose required to kill 50% of the plants (LD50) and to reduce 50% of the biomass (GR50) for the GR biotype of A. fatua was 556 g a.e./ha and 351 g a.e./ha, respectively. These values for A. ludoviciana were 848 g a.e./ha and 289 g a.e./ha. Regardless of the growth stage (3–4 or 6–7 leaf stages), clethodim (120 g a.i./ha), haloxyfop (78 g a.i./ha), pinoxaden (20 g a.i./ha), and propaquizafop (30 g a.i./ha) were the best alternative herbicide options for the control of A. fatua and A. ludoviciana. The efficacy of butroxydim (45 g a.i./ha), clodinafop (120 g a.i./ha), imazamox + imazapyr (36 g a.i./ha), and paraquat (600 g a.i./ha) reduced at the advanced growth stage. Glufosinate (750 g a.i./ha), flamprop (225 g a.i./ha), and pyroxsulam + halauxifen (20 g a.i./ha) did not provide effective control of Avena species. This study identified alternative herbicide options to manage GR biotypes of A. fatua and A. ludoviciana.


Weed Science ◽  
2022 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Dilshan Benaragama ◽  
William E. May ◽  
Robert H. Gulden ◽  
Christian J. Willenborg

Abstract Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and false cleavers (Galium spurium) are currently a challenge to manage in less competitive crops such as flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Increasing the functional diversity in crop rotations can be an option to improve weed management. Nonetheless, this strategy is not tested in flax in Western Canada. A 5-yr (2015-2019) crop rotation study was carried at three locations in western Canada to determine the effect of diverse flax-based crop rotations with differences in crop species, crop life cycles, harvesting time and reduced herbicides on managing A. fatua and G. spurium. The perennial rotation (flax-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-alfalfa-alfalfa-flax) under reduced herbicide use was found to be the most consistent cropping system, providing similar A. fatua and G. spurium control to the conventional annual flax crop rotation[flax-barley (Hordium vulgare L.)-flax-oat (Avena sativa L.)-flax] with standard herbicides. At Carman, this alfalfa rotation provided even better weed control (80% A. fatua, 75% G. spurium) than the conventional rotation. Furthermore, a greater A. fatua control was identified compared to conventional rotation where two consecutive winter cereal crops were grown successfully in rotation (flax-barley-winter triticale (x Triticosecale ex A. Camus)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-flax), greater A. fatua control was observed compared to the conventional crop rotation under standard herbicides. Incorporation of silage oat crops did not show consistent management benefits compared to the perennial alfalfa rotation but were generally similar to the conventional rotation with standard herbicides. The results showed that perennial alfalfa in the rotation minimized G. spurium and A. fatua in flax cropping systems, followed by rotations with two consecutive winter cereal crops.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1961
Author(s):  
Charles M. Geddes

Models of weed population demography are critical to understanding the long-term viability of management strategies. The driving factors of weed seedbank persistence are often underrepresented in demographic models due to the cumbersome nature of seedbank research. Simplification of weed seedbank dynamics may induce substantial error in model simulations. A soil bioassay was conducted to determine whether growth of different crop species, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), and field pea (Pisum sativum L.), differentially impact seed mortality of kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott], wild oat (Avena fatua L.), and volunteer canola in seven burial environments in western Canada. Weed seed survival after the 7 week burial period varied widely among burial environments (from 8% to 88% when averaged among weed and crop species), whereas growth of the different crop species had negligible impact on seedbank persistence. Among environments, wild oat seed survived the greatest (79%), followed by kochia (20%), and volunteer canola (6%). Weed seed survival was associated with soil physical properties (texture) and seed microsite characteristics (temperature), but not crop species or soil chemical properties. Overall, these data support the need for greater integration of soil and environmental parameters into models of weed population demography.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Breanne D. Tidemann ◽  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
Steve J. Shirtliffe ◽  
Christian J. Willenborg ◽  
Eric N. Johnson ◽  
...  

Abstract Increased frequency and occurrence of herbicide-resistant biotypes heightens the need for alternative wild oat management strategies. There is an opportunity to exploit the height differential between wild oat and crops by targeting wild oat between panicle emergence and seed shed timing. Two field studies were conducted either in Lacombe, AB, or Lacombe, AB and Saskatoon, SK from 2015-2017. In the first study, we compared panicle removal methods: hand clipping, use of a hedge trimmer and a selective herbicide crop topping application to a weedy check and an industry standard in-crop herbicide application in wheat. These treatments were tested early (at panicle emergence), late (at initiation of seed shed) or in combination at one location over three years. In the second study, we investigated optimal timing of panicle removal via a hedge trimmer with weekly removals in comparison to a weedy check in wheat and lentil. This study was conducted at two locations, Lacombe, AB and Saskatoon, SK over three years. Among all the tested methods, the early crop topping treatment consistently had the largest impact on wild oat density, dockage, seedbank and subsequent year crop yield. The early (at panicle emergence) or combination of the early and late (at initiation of seed shed) treatments tended to reduce wild oat populations the following season the most compared to the late treatments. Subsequent wild oat populations were not influenced by panicle removal timing, but only by crop and location interactions. Panicle removal timing did significantly affect wild oat dockage in the year of treatment but no consistent optimal timing could be identified. However, the two studies together highlight a number of additional questions to be investigated, as well as the opportunity to manage wild oat seedbank inputs at the panicle emergence stage of the wild oat lifecycle.


Author(s):  
R. Byrne ◽  
A.V. Vijaya Bhaskar ◽  
J. Spink ◽  
R. Freckleton ◽  
P. Neve ◽  
...  

Following growers’ reports of herbicide control problems, populations of 30 wild oats, Avena fatua, were collected from the south-east main arable counties of Ireland in 2016 and investigated for the occurrence and potential for herbicide resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors pinoxaden, propaquizafop and cycloxydim, as well as acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron. Plant survival ≥20% was considered as the discriminating threshold between resistant and susceptible populations, when plants were treated with full recommended field rates of ACCase/ALS inhibitors. Glasshouse sensitivity screens revealed 2 out of 30 populations were cross-resistant to all three ACCase inhibitors. While three populations were cross-resistant to both pinoxaden and propaquizafop, and additionally, two populations were resistant to propaquizafop only. Different degree of resistance and cross-resistance between resistant populations suggest the involvement of either different point mutations or more than one resistance mechanism. Nevertheless, all populations including the seven ACCase-resistant populations were equally susceptible to ALS inhibitor. An integrated weed management (cultural/non-chemical control tactics and judicious use of herbicides) approach is strongly recommended to minimize the risk of herbicide resistance evolution.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haixia Zhu ◽  
Yongqiang Ma ◽  
Liang Cheng

Abstract In order to construct a RT-qPCR system suitable for response of Avena fatua L. to Trichoderma polysporum , and screen stable internal reference genes, GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinde were used to perform SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR analysis on 8 candidate internal reference genes ( 18S , 28S , TUA , UBC , ACT , GAPDH , TBP and EF-1 ) in A. fatua samples after inoculation of T. polysporum Strain HZ-31. The results showed that TBP , 18S and UBC were the most stable internal reference genes, TBP and TUA , TBP and GAPDH , 18S and TBP , UBC and 18S were the most suitable combination of the two internal reference genes, which could be used as the internal reference genes for functional gene expression analysis during the interaction between T. polysporum and A. fatua .


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muskan Ali ◽  
Sadia Walait ◽  
Muhammad Farhan Ul Haque ◽  
Salma Mukhtar

Abstract Environmental pollution especially heavy metal contaminated soils adversely affect the microbial communities associated with the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of plants growing in these areas. In the current study, we identified and characterized the rhizospheric and phyllospheric bacterial strains from Avena fatua and Brachiaria reptans with the potential for antimicrobial activity and heavy metal resistance. A total of 18 bacterial strains from the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of A. fatua and 19 bacterial strains from the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of B. reptans were identified based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Bacterial genera, including Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Enterobacter were dominant in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of A. fatua and Bacillus, Marinobacter, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, and Kocuria were the dominating bacterial genera from the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of B. reptans. Most of the bacterial strains were resistant to heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Cr) and showed antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic bacterial strains. The whole genome sequence analysis of Pseudomonas putida BR-PH17 was performed by using Illumina sequencing approach. The BR-PH17 genome contained a chromosome with size of 5774330 bp and a plasmid DNA with 80360 bp. In this genome, about 5368 predicted protein coding sequences with 5539 total genes, 22 rRNAs and 75 tRNA genes were identified. Functional analysis of chromosomal and plasmid DNA revealed a variety of enzymes and proteins involved in antibiotic resistance and biodegradation of complex organic pollutants. These results indicated that bacterial strains identified in this study could be utilized for bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils and as a novel source of antimicrobial drugs.


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