scholarly journals Policy Pathways to Gender Power: State-Level Effects on the US Division of Housework

2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYNN PRINCE COOKE
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Child Support ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
State Level ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Division Of Housework ◽  
Gender Power ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Laws And Policies

Across industrialised countries, men contribute one-third of the household time in domestic tasks despite women's rising labour force participation. Like a Russian doll, however, the private sphere of the household nests within broader socio-political institutions. Proposed here is a relative gender power model incorporating both individual and policy-derived resources to explain differences in the division of household tasks. The sensitivity of the model to state-level policy differences is tested using data from the second wave of the US National Survey of Families and Households. After controlling for women's individual resources, laws and policies enhancing women's economic circumstances in the event of a divorce such as receipt of transfers, child support and property settlement predict that men in couples perform a greater share of domestic tasks. This evidence confirms that the state can ameliorate gender hierarchies and inequality.

Commodification, vulnerability, risk: gendered social policy developments in the United States, 1980–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Laperrière ◽  
Ann Shola Orloff ◽  
Jane Pryma
Keyword(s):  
Parental Leave ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
The Us ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractOver the last few decades, the position of women vis-à-vis the welfare state has changed dramatically. Welfare states have adapted to women's increased labour force participation and to the “new social risks” that characterize postindustrial societies. In this paper, we examine gendered policy developments in the US, focusing on conceptions of vulnerability that inform policies meant to mitigate gendered social risks. Focusing on three policy areas: parental leave, domestic violence and disability, we show that policies increasingly target women's integration into the workforce and self-regulation as strategies to mitigate gendered social risk. We also discuss how these policies rely on individual interventions implemented by what we call punitive therapy practitioners, who encourage women's workforce participation and psychological self-regulation. Finally, we argue that enduring gendered conceptions of vulnerability have shaped the specific designs of policies that emerged in the 1960s–1970s, intensified through the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s, and persist today.

scholarly journals Social Structures and the Occupational Composition of Skilled Worker Immigrants to Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Dryburgh
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Skilled Worker ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Occupational Composition ◽  
Over Time

The individual decision to immigrate is made in the context of larger social structures that influence the composition of the economic immigrant population over time. Over the last 20 years, economic immigrants to Canada have faced changing selection policies, cycles of economic recession and growth, increased demand for information technology skills, women’s increased labour force participation and an aging labour force. Using data from Statistics Canada’s Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB), this paper examines the flow of economic immigrants to Canada by their occupational composition from 1980 to 2000. Relative to Canadians, when all immigrants from this period are grouped together, their economic integration is slow and does not reach parity with Canadians before 16 years. Among skilled worker immigrants, whereas the earlier cohorts did well but did not improve much over time, later cohorts started off in a relatively worse position, but early indications show a fairly steep slope to better relative average earnings. These differences support the need to examine immigrant integration by both the class of immigrant and the context at the time of immigration.

scholarly journals The Partisan Mask: Political Orientation, Collectivism, and Religiosity Predict Mask Use During COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hohjin Im ◽  
Peiyi Wang ◽  
Chuansheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Us ◽  
Political Conservatism ◽  
Strong Correlate ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

In the United States, the COVID-19 pandemic became an unconventional vehicle to advance partisan rhetoric and antagonism. Using data available at the individual- (Study 1; N = 4,220), county- (Study 2; n = 3,046), and state-level (n = 49), we found that partisanship and political orientation was a robust and strong correlate of mask use. Political conservatism and Republican partisanship were related to downplaying the severity of COVID-19 and perceiving masks as being ineffective that, in turn, were related to lower mask use. In contrast, we found that counties with majority Democrat partisanship reported greater mask use, controlling for various socioeconomic and demographic factors. Lastly, states with strong cultural collectivism reported greater mask use while those with strong religiosity reported the opposite. States with greater Democrat partisanship and strong cultural collectivism subsequently reported lower COVID-19 deaths, mediated by greater mask use and lower COVID-19 cases, in the five months following the second wave of COVID-19 in the US during the Summer of 2020. Nonetheless, more than the majority for Democrats (91.58%), Republicans (77.52%), and third-party members (82.48%) reported using masks. Implications for findings are discussed.

Gendering the job demands-resources model: work‐family conflict in Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lake Lui ◽  
Chin-fen Chang
Keyword(s):  
Family Conflict ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Job Demands ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Work Family Conflict ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Family Demands ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Using Data

Numerous studies show that job demands increase work-to-family conflict (WFC), while job resources have mixed effects on it. Yet the way in which their effects on WFC differ by gender is under-explored in Asian societies, where increasing female labour force participation coexists with traditional gender beliefs. Using data from the Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS) (N = 1,265), we find that mechanisms by which employment and family characteristics affect WFC differ for men and women. Having young children strengthens the effect of weekend work on WFC for women, but not for men. Working from home blurs work‐family roles for women, but not for men. Increased family demands increases men’s but not women’s vulnerability to WFC, even though men do less housework. This study illuminates the importance of a gender-sensitive and culturally grounded explanation for WFC.

scholarly journals How has Economic Restructuring Affected China's Urban Workers?

2006 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 61-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Giles ◽  
Albert Park ◽  
Fang Cai
Keyword(s):  
Older Workers ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Dislocated Workers ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Urban Workers ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Limited Coverage

Using data from the China Urban Labour Survey conducted in five large Chinese cities at year end 2001, we quantify the nature and magnitude of shocks to employment and worker benefits during the period of economic restructuring from 1996 to 2001, and evaluate the extent to which adversely affected urban workers had access to public and private assistance. Employment shocks were large and widespread, and were particularly hard on older workers and women. During the period of economic restructuring, unemployment reached double figures in all sample cities and labour force participation declined by 8.9 per cent. Urban residents faced modest levels of wage and pension arrears, and sharp declines in health benefits. Public assistance programmes for dislocated workers had limited coverage, with most job-leavers relying upon private assistance to support consumption, mainly from other household members.

Trends in Extreme Distress in the United States, 1993–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (10) ◽  
pp. 1538-1544
Author(s):  
David G. Blanchflower ◽  
Andrew J. Oswald
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Mental Distress ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Proxy Measure ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
Using Data

Objectives. To investigate changes from 1993 to 2019 in the percentage of US citizens suffering extreme distress. Methods. Using data on 8.1 million randomly sampled US citizens, we created a new proxy measure for exceptional distress (the percentage who reported major mental and emotional problems in all 30 of the last 30 days). We examined time trends for different groups and predictors of distress. Results. The proportion of the US population in extreme distress rose from 3.6% in 1993 to 6.4% in 2019. Among low-education midlife White persons, the percentage more than doubled, from 4.8% to 11.5%. Regression analysis revealed that (1) at the personal level, the strongest statistical predictor of extreme distress was “I am unable to work,” and (2) at the state level, a decline in the share of manufacturing jobs was a predictor of greater distress. Conclusions. Increasing numbers of US citizens report extreme levels of mental distress. This links to poor labor-market prospects. Inequality of distress has also widened. Public Health Implications. Policymakers need to recognize the crisis of an ever-growing group of US citizens in extreme distress.

Labour Force Participation Among Individuals with Hepatitis C in the US

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 565-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Jacobs ◽  
Ying Chu Ng ◽  
Tania Stafinski ◽  
Roger Dodd ◽  
Bryce Larke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The Us

scholarly journals Women and Work in India: State-level Analysis

Social Change ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-168
Author(s):  
Surajit Deb
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
State Level ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Women And Work ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Level Analysis

The Social Change Indicators series in this special issue presents state-level data on labour force participation rate, unemployment rate, status of employment and sectoral distribution.

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