History of Languages for Specific Purposes

It is often said that languages for specific purposes (also named special languages or technolects) are the product of a division of labor. Although this concept was introduced only as late as 1776 (by Adam Smith, in An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations), the idea that professions or occupations of all kind are characterized by a particular vocabulary that is not understood by all native speakers was already manifest in the writings of medieval scholars (for instance, in Dante’s De vulgari eloquentia). In the Middle Ages most Romance languages conquered a more or less wide range of domains. The question arose whether they were also appropriate to serve as a medium of scholarship. The disciplines taught at the universities (arts, theology, law, medicine) had a strong Latin tradition; their knowledge was popularized by means of translations, which enriched the vocabulary and the syntactic flexibility of the emerging languages. Thus, the translators—sometimes organized in “schools”—contributed to the elaboration of the target languages and to their emancipation from Latin. Aside from the septem artes liberales, however, a second group of (seven) disciplines without Latin roots (called artes mechanicae) established and introduced mainly native vocabulary typical of the respective occupational fields. During the first centuries of modern times, more and more scholars felt that their mother tongue should take the place of Latin as a means of propagating scholarship and new findings. In the 17th and 18th centuries, French held the lead among the modern languages in nearly all fields of knowledge; it maintained its dominant position among the Romance languages until the second half of the 20th century. On a global level, German was a strong rival in the humanities and several scientific disciplines in the 19th century; for many decades, however, English has been the universal medium of communication in the scientific community. This process has given rise to many discussions about language planning measures to be taken in order to curtail the Anglo-American supremacy. Before the 18th century, special languages did not have a strong impact on the physiognomy of developed languages. In the sphere of academic disciplines, translations of canonical Latin texts entailed a general re-Latinization and, as a consequence, a process of convergence of the Romance languages. The technical languages of trade and artisanry were highly fragmented so that their special vocabulary was used and understood only in limited geographical areas. In the Age of Enlightenment, the growing prestige of experts, on the one hand, and philosophical considerations about the optimization of language(s), on the other hand, led to increasing harmonization efforts on national and supranational levels. Organizations were founded with the purpose of creating and standardizing terminologies for various kinds of subjects (technical products, medicine, etc.). Special languages, far from being homogeneous varieties, are differentiated vertically. Linguists use to distinguish between three levels of communication: specialists inter se (e.g., physician—physician), specialist—skilled worker (physician—nurse), and specialist—layman (physician—patient). Studying how technical terms seep into common language and what changes they undergo during this process is a great challenge for linguists.

Who is Coming to Japan Under The New Status of Residence “Specified Skilled Care Workers”?

The Japanese government created a new status of residence called “Specified Skilled Workers” encompassing 14 job categories that have laborer shortages, including long-term care (LTC) workers on April 1, 2019. A survey of students (N=79) at a language institute in Manila, Philippines was conducted in February, 2020 to explore characteristics of future foreign LTC workers in Japan under this new status of residence and identify factors that may help facilitate worker retention. At the time of data collected, these students were studying both Japanese and LTC practices in order to pass skill evaluation tests to enter Japan. Students were asked their perceptions of long-term care, planned lengths of stay, concerns about staying in Japan, and future career plans. Preliminary analyses revealed that 67 (88%) were single, 74(93.7%) had graduated from universities, and a half of them had a nursing background. Most students (93.7%) showed interest in an extended stay in Japan, with some interested in taking the national certified care worker examination which permits extended work in Japan. The most cited concern about being in Japan was “weather, climate and typhoons” (28.1%), followed by “language proficiency” and “living expenses” (21.9%) respectively. As Japan has limited immigration policies but a large need for LTC workers, it is imperative to understand how to attract and retain foreigners who obtain the Specified Skilled Worker status. This includes addressing both work-related and living-related concerns and needs.

Patterns of Human Capital Formation

The main goal of the article is to identify the basic patterns of the formation of human capital (HC). An especially valuable and scarce resource of the modern economy is becoming a creative skilled worker capable of generating ideas, as well as creating and implementing new technological solutions and products. The development of the economy leads to significant transformations in the generation of resource potential, and changes in the role of individual resources. Human capital begins to play a dominant role in the resource hierarchy. It is the HC that sets in motion the production processes and determines the efficiency of using the entire resource potential. The methods of aspect analysis and of apperception used in this study made it possible to identify modern patterns peculiar to the formation of human capital in the economy, and to emphasize its objective importance and ability to significantly influence the development of society. During the research, the authors proved that human capital acquires the status of the main resource in the economy, the quantitative characteristics of the workforce capacity give way to the role of qualitative characteristics, and the development of STP requires a new employee formation to dominate the intellectual component.

Advocating Women Migrant Worker’s Rights through Social Services Organizations in Malaysia

Dependency on migrant workers is a growing situation in Malaysia particularly the ones from Indonesia, the world's largest non-skilled and semi-skilled worker importer. Despite their decision to migrate in order to obtain better livelihood, there are various risks faced by Indonesian migrant workers, including exploitation. To this day, the problems faced by women migrant workers are mostly dominated by documents forgery, fraud, overstay, unpaid wages, sexual abuse, involvement in criminal cases, and other rights violations that are not in accordance with the proper work contracts. Indonesian women migrant workers are often segmented to work in production sectors, such as manufacturing, service sectors such as domestic work and the cleaning industry. This study used qualitative research with in-depth interviews and participant observation to access, collect the preliminary data from the government officials, NGOs and unions related to migrant worker’s social welfare. The finding indicated that there were several migrant workers' rights that have been agreed upon to provide significant protection for migrant workers in destination countries whether they are related to employment or social security. However, with the different legal ratifications of specific countries, the destination country has the freedom to restrict any access to certain migrant workers' freedoms. In other words, protection is subject to the laws and constitutions of the country which have been formulated locally. However, in the case of migrant workers’ rights violations, most parties work together to resolve the issues. This includes establishing non-governmental organizations to curb issues of social inequality that help all parties involved.

Advocating Women Migrant Worker’s Rights through Social Services Organizations in Malaysia

Dependency on migrant workers is a growing situation in Malaysia particularly the ones from Indonesia, the world's largest non-skilled and semi-skilled worker importer. Despite their decision to migrate in order to obtain better livelihood, there are various risks faced by Indonesian migrant workers, including exploitation. To this day, the problems faced by women migrant workers are mostly dominated by documents forgery, fraud, overstay, unpaid wages, sexual abuse, involvement in criminal cases, and other rights violations that are not in accordance with the proper work contracts. Indonesian women migrant workers are often segmented to work in production sectors, such as manufacturing, service sectors such as domestic work and the cleaning industry. This study used qualitative research with in-depth interviews and participant observation to access, collect the preliminary data from the government officials, NGOs and unions related to migrant worker’s social welfare. The finding indicated that there were several migrant workers' rights that have been agreed upon to provide significant protection for migrant workers in destination countries whether they are related to employment or social security. However, with the different legal ratifications of specific countries, the destination country has the freedom to restrict any access to certain migrant workers' freedoms. In other words, protection is subject to the laws and constitutions of the country which have been formulated locally. However, in the case of migrant workers’ rights violations, most parties work together to resolve the issues. This includes establishing non-governmental organizations to curb issues of social inequality that help all parties involved.

Evaluating Foreign Skills: Effects of Credential Assessment on Skilled Immigrants’ Labour Market Performance in Canada

Formal educational qualification is increasingly built into immigrant selection systems in many countries, but in a global context, the transferability and portability of such qualifications has been questioned. In 2013, Canada introduced the requirement for a formal assessment of educational credential equivalence for applicants in the skilled worker category. In this study, we use a Canadian national immigration database and difference-in-differences methodology to investigate whether requiring formal Educational Credential Assessment (ECA) as part of the selection process for skilled immigrants has improved labour market outcomes. Our results indicate that the ECA requirement is positively related to early employment rates and earnings for both men and women. However, this effect is limited to those with no previous employment experience in Canada. We also find that, even with the ECA requirement, significant differences in the earnings of immigrants from different source regions remain. Implications and recommendations are discussed.

Critical examination of the recent changes to the point system and Canadian employers' assessment practices

The recent changes to the Canadian Point System in relation to the Federal Skilled Worker Program (FSWP) have greatly impacted the types of applicants that will be admitted to Canada. Through a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), it is my intention to explore the hiring practices of some Canadian employers and how immigrants currently fare in the labour market. A CDA will also be conducted based on the adjustments to the point distribution of specific selection factors for the FSWP. Because the most recent changes to the Point System were made in May 2013, this MRP will be one of the first if not the first to critically assess the May 4, 2013 changes to the Point System from a rights-based perspective. I will also explore whether or not the Government takes responsibility for helping immigrants facing discrimination in the labour market. Finally, I will investigate whether the adjustments to the Point System reinforces and legitimates the discriminatory practices of some Canadian employers.

Critical examination of the recent changes to the point system and Canadian employers' assessment practices

The recent changes to the Canadian Point System in relation to the Federal Skilled Worker Program (FSWP) have greatly impacted the types of applicants that will be admitted to Canada. Through a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), it is my intention to explore the hiring practices of some Canadian employers and how immigrants currently fare in the labour market. A CDA will also be conducted based on the adjustments to the point distribution of specific selection factors for the FSWP. Because the most recent changes to the Point System were made in May 2013, this MRP will be one of the first if not the first to critically assess the May 4, 2013 changes to the Point System from a rights-based perspective. I will also explore whether or not the Government takes responsibility for helping immigrants facing discrimination in the labour market. Finally, I will investigate whether the adjustments to the Point System reinforces and legitimates the discriminatory practices of some Canadian employers.

Portrayals and Treatments of Women in Virginia Woolf's to The Lighthouse: A Critical Analysis

This paper means to address Virginia Woolf's own substitute her answer to "ladies can't paint, ladies can't compose", a reflection on the Victorian bias of the part of ladies in the family and society shared by both her people, Leslie and Julia Stephen. By connecting a nearby literary investigation with the latest mental basic examination, I contend that aside from the political, social and imaginative ramifications, Woolf's disposition to the Victorian generalizations identified with sexual orientation jobs convey a profoundly close to home message, being obviously affected and controlled by the relationship with her folks and her need to deceive rest some unsure issues concerning her status as a woman skilled worker. This paper further means to investigate Woolf's 1926 novel, To the Beacon, which is, without a doubt, her most self-portraying novel. Lily Briscoe, the unmarried painter who at long last figures out how to conceptualize Woolf's vision toward the finish of the novel has a twofold mission in this novel. In the first place, she needs to determine her own weaknesses and come to harmony with the memory of the expired Mrs Ramsay, an image of the Victorian lady what's more, Julia Stephen's creative change personality. Second, she needs to associate with Mr Ramsay and demonstrate to herself that ladies can, in fact, paint. As she develops as a painter Virginia Woolf is defeating her resentment and dissatisfaction caused by the way that she didn't not find a way into the by and large acknowledged example of the lady's part in the public eye and in the everyday life, and particularly of the situation with ladies as specialists. By making quite possibly the most difficult books of the English Literature, Virginia Woolf likewise demonstrates to herself and to the perusers that ladies can, to be sure compose.

Apprenticeship non-completion in Germany: a money matter?

German establishments heavily rely on the apprenticeship system for skill supply. With one in four apprenticeship contracts ending before successful completion, it is in the interest of establishments and policy-makers to determine factors, which reduce non-completion. This paper investigates the role of apprenticeship wages and income prospects after completion for apprenticeship non-completion in Germany. For this purpose, this study identifies incidences of apprenticeship non-completion in a large sample of administrative data on employment biographies and estimates a piecewise exponential model of the non-completion hazard with shared frailties by occupations. The results suggest a robust and significant association with both apprenticeship wages and skilled worker wages. All else at means, apprenticeships which are paid 5% more than the mean apprenticeship wage, on average have a 0.8 percentage points higher estimated survival rate. In turn, an apprenticeship expected to lead to a skilled job that is paid 5% above average, has an estimated survival rate, which is 3.1 percentage points higher on average. These findings highlight the importance of income prospects for apprenticeship non-completion.