Vae Victis! The Austro-Hungarian Armeeoberkommando and the Armistice of Villa Giusti

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 94-114
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Hanks
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
Rightful Place ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Peace Treaties

In terms of lessons to be learned from history, World War I remains a nearly unparalleled example of how not to do things. The origins and conduct of the war, as well as the major peace treaties ending the conflict, have become monuments to ineptitude. The circumstances surrounding the end of the war on the Austro-Italian front can take their rightful place in this panoply of bungling. Neither the Austrians in defeat nor the Italians in victory displayed attributes worthy of emulation, and, if anything is to be learned from these events, it is that haste to extricate oneself from a war can be as dangerous as haste to enter a war and that, contrary to popular belief, it takes two sides to make a peace.

scholarly journals International Migration - Major Trends in Demography: A Hungarian Example

2003 ◽  
pp. 181-200
Author(s):  
Pál Péter Tóth
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Population Size ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Population Development ◽  
World War ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Net Migration ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Hungarian Population ◽  
Peace Treaties

Besides fertility and mortality and the balance between the two, migration also injluencespopulation development in terms af size, sex and age composition. Through theanalysis af population development in Hungary, this paper investigated the role afinternational migration in demographic processes. Wehave followed closely the processin which, after the demographic catastrophes in Hungarian history (1239-1290and 1550-1650), the missing population was replaced by foreigners settling down inHungary. The role played by this settled population has been examined as well. Wehave outlined the ejfects ofthe third demographic disaster (1914-20), which has determinedthe development af Hungarian population up till the present day. As a consequenceaf the peace treaties at the end af World War I Hungary lost two-thirds of itspopulation, thereby changing the structure af the population profoundly. Besides theabove-mentioned processes we have demonstrated the direct and indirect ejfects afcontemporary migration on the development af population size. We have also dealtwith the migratory losses caused by the revolution af 1956 and the decades afterwardsand we have shown the way net migration has injluenced the composition afthe Hungarian population between 1881 and 1990. The migratory balance af Hungaryhas been negative ever since 1901, which has also contributed ta thefact that theHungarian population started decreasing two decades before this occurred in themajority af European states.

Treaty of Versailles

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Ferreboeuf
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
International Labour Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
Treaty Of Versailles ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Paris Peace Conference ◽  
Peace Treaties

The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties signed on June 28, 1919, in the Palace of Versailles, by Germany and the Allied Powers at the end of World War I. It was signed exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1863–1914), which was the event that had triggered the war. The signing of the treaty followed six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference, which had opened on January 18, 1919. It also led to the creation of two major international organizations: the League of Nations (1919–1946) and the International Labour Organization (ILO).

The Legality of the Annexation of Austria by Germany

1944 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Wright
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
International Law ◽  
World War ◽  
Treaty Of Versailles ◽  
Peace Treaties

The legality of the annexation of Austria by Germany under international law stems out from the peace treaties signed in the suburbs of Paris at the end of World War I. The Treaty of Versailles of June 28, 1919, between Germany and the Allied and Associated Powers.

Through the prism of Spain. Socio-economic causes of different outcomes of Russian and Spanish civil wars

2017 ◽  
pp. 142-155
Author(s):  
I. Rozinskiy ◽  
N. Rozinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Russian Civil War ◽  
World War ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Economic Well Being

The article examines the socio-economic causes of the outcome of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1936), which, as opposed to the Russian Civil War, resulted in the victory of the “Whites”. Choice of Spain as the object of comparison with Russia is justified not only by similarity of civil wars occurred in the two countries in the XX century, but also by a large number of common features in their history. Based on statistical data on the changes in economic well-being of different strata of Spanish population during several decades before the civil war, the authors formulate the hypothesis according to which the increase of real incomes of Spaniards engaged in agriculture is “responsible” for their conservative political sympathies. As a result, contrary to the situation in Russia, where the peasantry did not support the Whites, in Spain the peasants’ position predetermined the outcome of the confrontation resulting in the victory of the Spanish analogue of the Whites. According to the authors, the possibility of stable increase of Spanish peasants’ incomes was caused by the nation’s non-involvement in World War I and also by more limited, compared to Russia and some other countries, spending on creation of heavy (primarily military-related) industry in Spain.

‘Grey Dawn’ in the British Pacific: Race, Security and Colonial Sovereignty on the Eve of World War I

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Tumblin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
World War ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Cooperative Security ◽  
Strategic Defense ◽  
Racial Discourses ◽  
The Way

This article examines the way a group of colonies on the far reaches of British power – Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and India, dealt with the imperatives of their own security in the early twentieth century. Each of these evolved into Dominion status and then to sovereign statehood (India lastly and most thoroughly) over the first half of the twentieth century, and their sovereignties evolved amidst a number of related and often countervailing problems of self-defence and cooperative security strategy within the British Empire. The article examines how security – the abstracted political goods of military force – worked alongside race in the greater Pacific to build colonial sovereignties before the First World War. Its first section examines the internal-domestic dimension of sovereignty and its need to secure territory through the issue of imperial naval subsidies. A number of colonies paid subsidies to Britain to support the Royal Navy and thus to contribute in financial terms to their strategic defense. These subsidies provoked increasing opposition after the turn of the twentieth century, and the article exlpores why colonial actors of various types thought financial subsidies threatened their sovereignties in important ways. The second section of the article examines the external-diplomatic dimension of sovereignty by looking at the way colonial actors responded to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. I argue that colonial actors deployed security as a logic that allowed them to pursue their own bids for sovereignty and autonomy, leverage racial discourses that shaped state-building projects, and ultimately to attempt to nudge the focus of the British Empire's grand strategy away from Europe and into Asia.

The Anarchist Press in Egypt before World War I

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Public Education ◽  
World War I ◽  
State Power ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
World War

This chapter traces the development of the radical secular press in Egypt from its first brief emergence in the 1870s until the outbreak of World War I. First active in the 1860s, the anarchist movement gradually expanded its membership and influence over subsequent decades to articulate a general social emancipation and syndicalism for all workers in the country. In the decade and a half before 1914, its press collectively propagated a critique of state power and capitalism, called for social justice and the organisation of labour, and promoted the values of science and public education in both a local context and as part of an international movement. In seeking to promote a programme at odds with both nationalism and colonial rule, it incurred the hostility of the authorities in addition to facing the practical problems of managing and financing an oppositional newspaper.

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