THE ARCHAEOBOTANICAL EVIDENCE OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE AND PROTOGEOMETRIC OCCUPATION UNDER THE ROMAN VILLA DIONYSUS, KNOSSOS, CRETE, AND AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROTOGEOMETRIC DATA OF GREECE

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 189-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Livarda
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Roman Villa ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Of Greece

Archaeobotanical material was collected from the Bronze Age fill and the Protogeometric phases underneath the Roman Villa Dionysus, Knossos, Crete. The Bronze Age assemblage was poor, representing only accidental intrusions to a tight fill of sherds and stones. The Protogeometric data were more plentiful, providing a rare glimpse into the everyday life of the period. Glume wheat, barley, legumes, fruits, nuts and several wild species were present across two Protogeometric floors. No significant differences were observed in their spatial and temporal distribution. The plant remains, along with other bio-archaeological classes of material, indicated a series of domestic activities, including cooking and consumption events, the remnants of which gradually accumulated in the habitation floors. The archaeobotanical evidence from Villa Dionysus was then compared with other Protogeometric Cretan and Greek mainland sites. An overview of these sites allowed some general trends to be observed, tentatively suggesting a picture more similar to Bronze Age than Iron Age archaeobotanical assemblages. It also highlighted differences, which would both dictate and be shaped by different socio-economic systems, and the need for more contextualised studies.

Iron in Anatolia and the Nature of the Hittite Iron Industry

1985 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 67-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Muhly ◽  
R. Maddin ◽  
T. Stech ◽  
E. Özgen
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Industry ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Major Break ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Great Invention

The development of the skills necessary for working in iron, making possible the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, has long been regarded as one of the major break-throughs in man's technological history. For Lewis Henry Morgan, writing in 1877, the smelting of iron ore was a development on a par with the domestication of animals (Morgan 1877:39):“The most advanced portion of the human race were halted, so to express it, at certain stages of progress, until some great invention or discovery, such as the domestication of animals or the smelting of iron ore, gave a new and powerful impulse forward.”The importance of the appearance of iron as a practical, utilitarian metal has usually been seen in terms of a military context. With iron it was possible to produce weapons not only superior to those of bronze but also much cheaper. These improvements made it possible to arm a large peasant infantry in order to challenge the military superiority of the chariot forces of the Late Bronze Age aristocracy, armed with bronze weapons.

The Bronze and Iron Ages in Jerusalem

2018 ◽  
pp. 11-62
Author(s):  
Kay Prag
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Settlement Pattern ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Iron Age I ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Pastoral Economy ◽  
The Bronze Age

Most evidence for the Bronze Age, Iron Age and Post-Exilic settlement of Jerusalem came from Site A on the south-east ridge, and Kenyon unearthed and dated material of almost all these periods, but very little of the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age I. This settlement pattern is reflected to a lesser extent on other sites, but elsewhere occupation of the region appears to continue, in a more dispersed fashion, perhaps partly related to diversification of the inhabitants to a more pastoral economy. Whether the centrality of Jerusalem is linked to its being an ancient place of burial is considered. Other evidence from the archive relates to the reigns of David, Solomon and Nehemiah. Specific issues are addressed, such as the location of the principal administrative buildings and fortifications, the use of volute capitals, the importance of water supply and drainage, and the problem of residuality affecting archaeological dating in Iron Age Jerusalem, which places the emphasis on C14 dating.

Athens in the Late Bronze Age

Antiquity ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 30 (117) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Broneer
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Of Greece

The Athenians of the classical era were deeply conscious of the fact that the history of their city was different from that of the rest of Greece. They were the autochthonous settlers of the land, and their orators and writers kept forever reminding them that Athens and Attica were not subdued when the Dorian invaders gained possession of most of the Peloponnesus at the end of the Bronze Age. Was this an empty boast, the kind of historical error that Thucydides (1, 20) attributes to a people's readiness to accept uncritically the old traditions about their own country or those of others? The historian (1, 2) makes it clear that he himself believed in the tradition that Attica was the original home of the Athenians of his day, and he found an explanation for this phenomenon in the poverty of the soil which made the conquerors pass by Attica for richer sections of the country. Archaeological research has confirmed Thucydides' conclusions.

Some recent Discoveries of Millet (Panicum MiliaceumL. andSetaria italica(L.) P. Beauv.) at Excavations in Turkey and Iran

1988 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 85-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Nesbitt ◽  
G. D. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Near East ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Grass Family ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Full Discussion ◽  
Northwestern Iran ◽  
The Rich

Although a relatively unimportant crop in the Near East, millet has an especially interesting history that may throw some light on the cultural relationships of the Middle–Late Bronze Ages and the Iron Age. Thus the prompt, separate, publication of a large deposit of foxtail millet (Setaria italica(L.) P. Beauv.), recently identified from an Iron Age level at Tille Höyük, seems justified. This is the first find of the cereal in such large quantities—definitely as a crop—from the Near East or Greece. The rest of the plant remains from this level will be published in conjunction with the rich samples that are expected to be found in the massive Late Bronze Age burnt level at Tille. The opportunity is also taken in this paper to present other previously unpublished millet samples, from second millennium B.C. levels at Haftavan Tepe, northwestern Iran, and from Hellenistic, Roman and Medieval levels at Aşvan Kale, eastern Turkey.A full discussion of these criteria will be included in the first author's forthcoming publication of the Aşvan plant remains. Knörzer (1971) has published a useful key to millet seeds. Three genera of millets (all belonging to the tribePaniceaeof the grass family) have grains of the relatively wide, large embryoed type discussed here.

THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGIN OF CELTS WITH ON THE SIDE EARS OF THE BOLSHELOZHSKY TYPE

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 212-219
Author(s):  
KOVALEVSKY S. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Transition Time ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Significant Similarity ◽  
New Research ◽  
Archaeological Cultures ◽  
The Bronze Age

The article is devoted to the consideration of the origin and dating of celts with on the side ears, which originate from the settlements of the Late Bronze Age and transition time from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the Kazakh steppe and south of Western Siberia (some of which are accidental finds) and are identified by most experts to be antiquities of the Sargarinsko-Aleekseyevskaya, Begazy-Dandybayevskaya, Irmenskaya and Bolsherechenskaya cultures. Previously, such celts were dated to the beginning of the first millennium, BC. At present, there have been certain quantitative and qualitative changes. In particular, the fund of archaeological resources for the Late Bronze Age and transition time from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age had been significantly replenished, and new research concepts have appeared. This gave us the opportunity to compare the archaeological finds of the Late Bronze Age of remote regions, namely the Eastern Europe and the Kazakh steppe and south of Western Siberia. A significant similarity was revealed between the celts of the ancient cultures of the Eastern Europe and the region located east of the Urals. It is suggested that the celts with on the side ears are of Eastern Europe origin. Their appearance among the artifacts of archaeological cultures of Kazakhstan and Southern Siberia is dated to the 14th - 11/10th centuries BC. Keywords: late Bronze Age, transition time from Bronze to Iron, celts, south of Western Siberia, eastern Europe

Mervyn Reddaway Popham 1927–2000

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Cadogan
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Empirical Approach ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Evidential Basis

Mervyn Popham was a questioning, quiet person, driven by an uncompromising honesty to find the truth, and always ready to doubt accepted explanations or any theory-driven archaeology for which he could find no evidential basis. He was probably the most percipient archaeologist of the Late Bronze Age of Crete and the Aegean to have worked in the second half of the 20th century, and became almost as important in the archaeology of the Early Iron Age, which succeeded the Bronze Age. In his archaeology he took an analytical-empirical approach to what he saw as fundamentally historical problems, reaching unprecedented peaks of intelligent, and commonsensical, refinement.

The Bronze to Iron Age transition at Kilise Tepe

1999 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Hansen ◽  
J. N. Postgate
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Anatolian Plateau ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Bronze Age

The mound of Kilise Tepe, formerly known as Maltepe, stands above the left bank of the Göksu near where the river leaves the Mut basin to plunge between cliffs down to the coast at Silifke about 45km to the southeast. It thus dominates one of the best-known routes from the Mediterranean to the central Anatolian plateau. Excavation at the site began in 1994, and confirmed the presence here of Late Bronze Age occupation, already deduced from collections of surface sherds by Mellaart and French, but also revealed Iron Age, Hellenistic and Byzantine layers. The present article addresses rather specifically the ceramic evidence for the end of the Bronze Age and subsequent Iron Age occupation, with particular emphasis on the chronological framework and certain wares in these levels not previously described.

Bancroft. The Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Settlements, Roman Villa and Temple-Mausoleum

Britannia ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
E. W. Black ◽  
R. J. Williams ◽  
R. J. Zeepvat
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Roman Villa

Tholos Tombs of the Aegean

Antiquity ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 34 (135) ◽  
pp. 166-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. F. Hood
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Aegean Area ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Of Greece

Among the most impressive monuments of the earlier part of the Bronze Age in Crete are the great circular communal tombs which began to be built, notably in the Mesara plain but also in other parts of the island, before 2000 B.C., and flourished in use throughout the first half of the 2nd millennium. Similarly, the most magnificent surviving architectural creations of the Late Bronze Age in the Aegean area are the stupendous beehive or tholos tombs of the chief Mainland centres like Mycenae. Tombs of this type, with corbelled stone vaults sunk in the ground and approached by long entrance passages (dromoi), seem to appear for the first time in the Aegean about 1600 B.C., and reach their finest and grandest expression on the Mainland of Greece in the two centuries between 1500 and 1300 B.C. A map of the Aegean area showing the distribution of these two types of tombs accompanies this article (FIG. I).

scholarly journals O Castro do Muro (Vandoma/Baltar, Paredes) - notas para uma biografia de ocupação da Idade do Bronze à Idade Média

2020 ◽  
pp. 1015-1030
Author(s):  
Maria Antónia D. Silva ◽  
Ana M. S. Bettencourt ◽  
António S. P. Silva ◽  
Natália Felix
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
The Middle Ages

This work intends to update the knowledge related to the human occupation of “Castro do Muro” from the Bronze Age to the Middle Ages. This place has a significant tradition in archaeological literature due to the presence of an imposing walled circuit, whose width oscillates between 3.5 to 4 meters and a perimeter of 3.927 meters, within which was built an important settlement that emerged during the Late Bronze Age and extends to the Old Iron Age. There was also a Roman occupation, a probable rock castle and a medieval monastery, as attested by the ceramic, lithic and metallic materials collected in archaeological works and surface findings.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document