The Bronze to Iron Age transition at Kilise Tepe

1999 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Hansen ◽  
J. N. Postgate
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Anatolian Plateau ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Bronze Age

The mound of Kilise Tepe, formerly known as Maltepe, stands above the left bank of the Göksu near where the river leaves the Mut basin to plunge between cliffs down to the coast at Silifke about 45km to the southeast. It thus dominates one of the best-known routes from the Mediterranean to the central Anatolian plateau. Excavation at the site began in 1994, and confirmed the presence here of Late Bronze Age occupation, already deduced from collections of surface sherds by Mellaart and French, but also revealed Iron Age, Hellenistic and Byzantine layers. The present article addresses rather specifically the ceramic evidence for the end of the Bronze Age and subsequent Iron Age occupation, with particular emphasis on the chronological framework and certain wares in these levels not previously described.

Iron in Anatolia and the Nature of the Hittite Iron Industry

1985 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 67-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Muhly ◽  
R. Maddin ◽  
T. Stech ◽  
E. Özgen
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Industry ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Major Break ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Great Invention

The development of the skills necessary for working in iron, making possible the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, has long been regarded as one of the major break-throughs in man's technological history. For Lewis Henry Morgan, writing in 1877, the smelting of iron ore was a development on a par with the domestication of animals (Morgan 1877:39):“The most advanced portion of the human race were halted, so to express it, at certain stages of progress, until some great invention or discovery, such as the domestication of animals or the smelting of iron ore, gave a new and powerful impulse forward.”The importance of the appearance of iron as a practical, utilitarian metal has usually been seen in terms of a military context. With iron it was possible to produce weapons not only superior to those of bronze but also much cheaper. These improvements made it possible to arm a large peasant infantry in order to challenge the military superiority of the chariot forces of the Late Bronze Age aristocracy, armed with bronze weapons.

The Bronze and Iron Ages in Jerusalem

2018 ◽  
pp. 11-62
Author(s):  
Kay Prag
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Settlement Pattern ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Iron Age I ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Pastoral Economy ◽  
The Bronze Age

Most evidence for the Bronze Age, Iron Age and Post-Exilic settlement of Jerusalem came from Site A on the south-east ridge, and Kenyon unearthed and dated material of almost all these periods, but very little of the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age I. This settlement pattern is reflected to a lesser extent on other sites, but elsewhere occupation of the region appears to continue, in a more dispersed fashion, perhaps partly related to diversification of the inhabitants to a more pastoral economy. Whether the centrality of Jerusalem is linked to its being an ancient place of burial is considered. Other evidence from the archive relates to the reigns of David, Solomon and Nehemiah. Specific issues are addressed, such as the location of the principal administrative buildings and fortifications, the use of volute capitals, the importance of water supply and drainage, and the problem of residuality affecting archaeological dating in Iron Age Jerusalem, which places the emphasis on C14 dating.

THE ARCHAEOBOTANICAL EVIDENCE OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE AND PROTOGEOMETRIC OCCUPATION UNDER THE ROMAN VILLA DIONYSUS, KNOSSOS, CRETE, AND AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROTOGEOMETRIC DATA OF GREECE

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 189-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Livarda
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Roman Villa ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Of Greece

Archaeobotanical material was collected from the Bronze Age fill and the Protogeometric phases underneath the Roman Villa Dionysus, Knossos, Crete. The Bronze Age assemblage was poor, representing only accidental intrusions to a tight fill of sherds and stones. The Protogeometric data were more plentiful, providing a rare glimpse into the everyday life of the period. Glume wheat, barley, legumes, fruits, nuts and several wild species were present across two Protogeometric floors. No significant differences were observed in their spatial and temporal distribution. The plant remains, along with other bio-archaeological classes of material, indicated a series of domestic activities, including cooking and consumption events, the remnants of which gradually accumulated in the habitation floors. The archaeobotanical evidence from Villa Dionysus was then compared with other Protogeometric Cretan and Greek mainland sites. An overview of these sites allowed some general trends to be observed, tentatively suggesting a picture more similar to Bronze Age than Iron Age archaeobotanical assemblages. It also highlighted differences, which would both dictate and be shaped by different socio-economic systems, and the need for more contextualised studies.

scholarly journals Sacred Landscapes of Hittites and Luwians

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Sacred Landscapes ◽  
International Conference ◽  
Anatolian Plateau ◽  
Symbolic Construction ◽  
Social Landscapes

This book contains studies on the symbolic significance of the landscape for the communities inhabiting the central Anatolian plateau and the Upper Euphrates and Tigris valleys in the 2nd-1st millennia BC. Some of the scholars who attended to the international conference Sacred Landscapes of Hittites and Luwians held in Florence in February 2014, present here contributions on the religious, symbolic and social landscapes of Anatolia between the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age. Archaeologists, hittitologists and historians highlight how the ancient populations perceived many elements of the environment, like mountains, rivers and rocks, but also atmospheric agents, and natural phenomena as essential part of their religious and ideological world. Analysing landscapes, architectures and topographies built by the Anatolian communities in the second and first millennia BC, the framework of a symbolic construction intended for specific actions and practices clearly emerges.

THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGIN OF CELTS WITH ON THE SIDE EARS OF THE BOLSHELOZHSKY TYPE

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 212-219
Author(s):  
KOVALEVSKY S. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Transition Time ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Significant Similarity ◽  
New Research ◽  
Archaeological Cultures ◽  
The Bronze Age

The article is devoted to the consideration of the origin and dating of celts with on the side ears, which originate from the settlements of the Late Bronze Age and transition time from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the Kazakh steppe and south of Western Siberia (some of which are accidental finds) and are identified by most experts to be antiquities of the Sargarinsko-Aleekseyevskaya, Begazy-Dandybayevskaya, Irmenskaya and Bolsherechenskaya cultures. Previously, such celts were dated to the beginning of the first millennium, BC. At present, there have been certain quantitative and qualitative changes. In particular, the fund of archaeological resources for the Late Bronze Age and transition time from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age had been significantly replenished, and new research concepts have appeared. This gave us the opportunity to compare the archaeological finds of the Late Bronze Age of remote regions, namely the Eastern Europe and the Kazakh steppe and south of Western Siberia. A significant similarity was revealed between the celts of the ancient cultures of the Eastern Europe and the region located east of the Urals. It is suggested that the celts with on the side ears are of Eastern Europe origin. Their appearance among the artifacts of archaeological cultures of Kazakhstan and Southern Siberia is dated to the 14th - 11/10th centuries BC. Keywords: late Bronze Age, transition time from Bronze to Iron, celts, south of Western Siberia, eastern Europe

Between Phrygia and Cilicia: the Porsuk area at the beginning of the Iron Age

1999 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 61-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Sophie Crespin
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Taurus Mountains ◽  
Anatolian Plateau

Porsuk is strategically situated in the northern foothills of the Taurus mountains (see map, fig 1), controlling one of the most important passes between Cilicia and the Anatolian plateau. It seems that this area, which was in the sphere of Hittite culture during the Late Bronze Age, turns towards the southern regions of Cilicia during Porsuk period IV. We shall firstly re-examine the evidence for the Early Iron Age at Porsuk in the light of recent discoveries from a number of other sites. We will then examine evidence that might demonstrate relations between Porsuk IV and Cilicia.During subsequent centuries the situation seems to revert to that pertaining in the LBA: relations with the plateau tend to become more intense. From this point of view, we shall have a look at the Phrygian problem. Does this zone become a Phrygian protectorate with the rise of the Gordion state? Or are the exchanges between them only commercial or diplomatic? We shall try to give a preliminary shape to a possible answer by investigating the so-called ‘Phrygian’ evidence.

Mervyn Reddaway Popham 1927–2000

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Cadogan
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Empirical Approach ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Evidential Basis

Mervyn Popham was a questioning, quiet person, driven by an uncompromising honesty to find the truth, and always ready to doubt accepted explanations or any theory-driven archaeology for which he could find no evidential basis. He was probably the most percipient archaeologist of the Late Bronze Age of Crete and the Aegean to have worked in the second half of the 20th century, and became almost as important in the archaeology of the Early Iron Age, which succeeded the Bronze Age. In his archaeology he took an analytical-empirical approach to what he saw as fundamentally historical problems, reaching unprecedented peaks of intelligent, and commonsensical, refinement.

scholarly journals LATE AND FINAL BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENTS IN THE BASIN OF THE RIVER SIVERSKIY DONETS AND ON THE DONETS RIDGE: ARCHEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE REGION

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-212
Author(s):  
O. S. Probyigolova
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
High Population ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
High Population Density ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Bronze Age

The paper is devoted to the mapping of the Late and Final Bronze Age settlements that are situated in the basin of the river Siverskiy Donets and on the Donets Ridge. On the basis of analyses more than 800 Late Bronze Age settlements the horizon of the late stage Berezhnovka-Maevka Srubnaya culture and post-Srubnaya settlements horizon were identified. The Late Bronze age settlements are evenly spread over the territory of the basin of the river Siverskiy Donets and on the Donets Ridge. The Final Bronze age localities are the same to the previous stage. On the contrary, the Bondarikhinskaya culture settlement’s location differs from the post- Srubnaya sites. All of them are located on the left bank of the river Siverskiy Donets and none of them are situated on the right bank. The location of settlements indicates a high population density in the basin of the river Siverskiy Donets and on the Donets Ridge during the Bronze age from the first stage of Berezhnovka-Maevka Srubnaya culture and to the end of the Bronze Age.

scholarly journals O Castro do Muro (Vandoma/Baltar, Paredes) - notas para uma biografia de ocupação da Idade do Bronze à Idade Média

2020 ◽  
pp. 1015-1030
Author(s):  
Maria Antónia D. Silva ◽  
Ana M. S. Bettencourt ◽  
António S. P. Silva ◽  
Natália Felix
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
The Middle Ages

This work intends to update the knowledge related to the human occupation of “Castro do Muro” from the Bronze Age to the Middle Ages. This place has a significant tradition in archaeological literature due to the presence of an imposing walled circuit, whose width oscillates between 3.5 to 4 meters and a perimeter of 3.927 meters, within which was built an important settlement that emerged during the Late Bronze Age and extends to the Old Iron Age. There was also a Roman occupation, a probable rock castle and a medieval monastery, as attested by the ceramic, lithic and metallic materials collected in archaeological works and surface findings.

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