Reflections on the Roles of State and Occupational Pension Schemes in the United Kingdom

1973 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 533-594
Author(s):  
A. J. Low ◽  
P. E. Felton
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
White Paper ◽  
The State ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
State Pension ◽  
The Cost

SynopsisThe paper considers the role which the State should play in the provision of pensions to the retired population. The role of occupational schemes is also considered with particular reference to the restrictions placed on that role by the authorities through the requirements for approval for tax purposes and the cost and level of State pensions. The main features of various State pension schemes which have been proposed in successive White Papers are discussed together with their shortcomings and advantages. The White Paper “Better Pensions” and its implications for the pensions industry are then considered in greater detail.

The Effect of Demographic Factors and Indexation on the Long term Financing of the State Earnings-Related Pension Scheme.

1987 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 181-198
Author(s):  
C. D. Daykin ◽  
A. G. Young
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
White Paper ◽  
The State ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Change State ◽  
State Pension

In September 1974 Barbara Castle published her proposals for a new earnings-related State pension scheme in her White Paper “Better Pensions”. This followed a succession of attempts by previous Secretaries of State for Social Services to change State pension arrangements radically. Unlike the ill-fated Crossman and Joseph schemes, however, the Castle scheme succeeded both in reaching the statute book and in coming into operation. A Bill was introduced in February 1975 and on 7 August 1975 the Social Security Pensions Act 1975 received the Royal Assent. The State earnings-related pension scheme (SERPS) came into operation on 6 April 1978. It provided State pensions related to earnings, but also offered to employers with good occupational pension schemes the possibility of ‘contracting-out’ and providing equivalent or better earnings-related benefits through their own scheme.

Expanded Function Orthodontic Auxiliaries; a Proposal for their Introduction in the UK

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. O'Brien ◽  
W. C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Treatment Provision ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost

The role of dental and orthodontic auxiliaries in Europe and the United States is reviewed, and the advantages of their employment in the United Kingdom are discussed in terms of increasing the cost-effectiveness of orthodontic treatment provision. A three-stage programme for the evaluation of Orthodontic Auxiliaries in the UK is proposed.

Social Security and Occupational Pension Schemes

1968 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-253
Author(s):  
C. S. S. Lyon
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
National Insurance

Since the idea of a wage-related national pension scheme was first launched in tangible form by the publication in 1957 of the Labour Party's ‘National Superannuation’ plan there has been a state of uneasy coexistence between national and occupational pension schemes in the United Kingdom. Social security systems providing not merely basic flat-rate benefits, but also benefits related to earnings, had been in existence for some years in other European countries, but it was not until the National Insurance Act, 1959 took effect in April 1961 that a national graduated pension scheme became a reality in the United Kingdom. Established at a modest level and designed primarily as a means of raising revenue to meet the rising outgo on flat-rate benefits, this graduated scheme has never seemed likely to endure in its original form. Nevertheless the National Insurance Act, 1966 has grafted on to it a scheme to provide short-term graduated sickness, unemployment and widows' benefits.

Pensions: The problems of today and tomorrow. A summary of the Report published by the Institute of Actuaries and of the discussion at Staple Inn on 11 June 1985

1985 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-419
Author(s):  
S. Haberman
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Francis Bacon ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
World War ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Pension Schemes

From the very outset of the formation of pensions schemes in the United Kingdom, actuaries have been involved in their design, investment, valuation and solvency. A review of issues of the Journal of the Institute of Actuaries in England and the Transactions of the Faculty of Actuaries in Scotland over the last 40 years would show how schemes have become more complicated and more comprehensive, how the economic and equity problems have increased and how the actuarial profession has successfully adapted its theory and practice to accommodate change. After World War II the rapid growth in occupational pension schemes together with the post-Beveridge expansion in State social security led to concerns about the overall effect on the national economy. As a consequence, in 1954 a report on “The growth of pension rights and their impact on the national economy” was presented to both the Institute and the Faculty of Actuaries by Bernard Benjamin, Francis Bacon and Donald Elphinstone.

Objectives and methods of funding defined benefit pension schemes

1987 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. D. McLeish ◽  
C. M. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Pension Scheme ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
Defined Benefit ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
The Future ◽  
State Pension

The Objective of Funding1.1. As every actuarial student is taught:‘Pay-as-you-go is acceptable for a State pension scheme because the State is, for practical purposes, assured of a continuing existence.’However:‘The position is quite different in the case of an occupational scheme, since an employer's business may cease to exist.’1.2. It seems to us to follow, therefore, that the prime purpose of funding an occupational pension scheme must be to secure the accrued benefits, whatever they might be, in the event of the employer being unable or unwilling to continue to pay at some time in the future. To that end, the contributions would have to be sufficient both to pay the benefits as they fell due for as long as the scheme continued, and also to establish and maintain a fund which would be sufficient to secure the accrued benefits in the event of contributions ceasing and the scheme being discontinued, whenever that might occur.

Working beyond the state pension age in the United Kingdom: the role of working time flexibility and the effects on the home

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 849-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREAS CEBULLA ◽  
SARAH BUTT ◽  
NICK LYON
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
The State ◽  
Contractual Arrangements ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Flexible Working ◽  
Domestic Lives ◽  
Pension Age ◽  
State Pension ◽  
Working And Living Conditions

ABSTRACTThe present and future security of employee-pension funding remains at the forefront of public debate across Europe and beyond. In the United Kingdom, to finance future pension entitlements it has been suggested that the state pension age be increased. This paper presents the results of analyses of four major national social surveys that have explored the working and living conditions of workers in paid employment after the state pension age. Comparing the circumstances of these workers with workers just below that age illustrates the extent to which it constitutes a break in the working and domestic lives of older people. The findings suggest that, in order to accommodate older workers in the workplace, more attention may need to be placed on informal as well as contractual arrangements of flexible working. Beyond part-time working, older workers rarely take up additional or alternative flexible working arrangements. At the same time, older workers continue to experience housework as burdensome, while in partnered households the gendered division of domestic labour prevails. Research and policy have yet to consider in depth these risks associated with working longer in life.

scholarly journals The role of conservators in facilitating the theft and trafficking of cultural objects: the case of a seized Libyan statue

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Brodie
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
The State ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cultural Sites ◽  
Demand Reduction ◽  
The World

AbstractA 2015 court judgment in the United Kingdom ruled that a seized Libyan statue should be returned to the ownership of the State of Libya. The judgment prompts a critical discussion of the involvement of professional conservators in the trafficking of cultural objects. Higher standards of due diligence are recommended for conservators and other professional experts engaging with cultural objects that might have been stolen and trafficked. Stronger professional due diligence is but one component of a broader policy of demand reduction that will be necessary to control the theft and trafficking of cultural objects, and to offer protection to cultural sites around the world.

scholarly journals The equalisation of the state pension age in United Kingdom: Indirect sex discrimination?

2021 ◽  
pp. 135822912110114
Author(s):  
Pauline Roberts
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Age Discrimination ◽  
The State ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Social Welfare Policy ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Indirect Discrimination ◽  
Pension Age ◽  
State Pension

This commentary examines the Court of Appeal’s decision in R (Delve and Glynn) v. Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, which concerned the judicial review of the incremental increase of the state pension age in the United Kingdom for women born in the 1950s. It focuses on the claims of discrimination contrary to Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights, in particular the discussion relating to indirect sex/sex and age discrimination. It is argued that there is scope for greater clarity in the Court’s reasoning which led to its conclusion that the measures did not result in indirect discrimination contrary to Article 14. However, the dismissal of each appeal is not surprising, in view of the adoption of the ‘manifestly without reasonable foundation’ test when scrutinising decisions relating to social welfare policy. In other words, even if the measures resulted in indirect sex discrimination, they were justified.

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