scholarly journals Absolute intensity calibration methods in the vacuum UV region

1970 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
G. Boldt
Keyword(s):  
Branching Ratio ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Absolute Intensity ◽  
Black Body Radiation ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Radiation Method ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Vacuum Uv ◽  
Intensity Calibration

As a summary of the principal results presented at the ESRO symposium on Calibration Methods in the Vacuum Ultra Violet (Munich, 1968) a description is given of three different absolute intensity calibration methods. These are the branching ratio method, the synchrotron radiation method and the black-body radiation method, and they define the present state of the art.

William H. Bragg's Corpuscular Theory of X-Rays and γ-Rays

1971 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger H. Stuewer
Keyword(s):  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Black Body Radiation ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Light Quantum ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Ultra Violet Light ◽  
Violet Light ◽  
History Of ◽  
Γ Rays

The modern corpuscular theory of radiation was born in 1905 when Einstein advanced his light quantum hypothesis; and the steps by which Einstein's hypothesis, after years of profound scepticism, was finally and fully vindicated by Arthur Compton's 1922 scattering experiments constitutes one of the most stimulating chapters in the history of recent physics. To begin to appreciate the complexity of this chapter, however, it is only necessary to emphasize an elementary but very significant point, namely, that while Einstein based his arguments for quanta largely on the behaviour of high-frequency black body radiation or ultra-violet light, Compton experimented with X-rays. A modern physicist accustomed to picturing ultra-violet light and X-radiation as simply two adjacent regions in the electromagnetic spectrum might regard this distinction as hair-splitting. But who in 1905 was sure that X-rays and γ-rays are far more closely related to ultra-violet light than to α-particles, for example ? This only became evident after years of painstaking research, so that moving without elaboration from Einstein's hypothesis to Compton's experiments automatically eliminates from consideration an important segment of history—a segment in which a major role was played by William Henry Bragg.

scholarly journals Final Report of the International Project for the Calibration of Absolute Intensities in Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

1978 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Absolute Intensity ◽  
Final Report ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Calibration Techniques ◽  
Intensity Calibration ◽  
Ray Scattering

An international intercomparison project was performed to test the reproducibility and the comparative accuracy of the various absolute intensity calibration techniques in current use in small-angle X-ray scattering with the participation of fifteen investigators from eight different laboratories in six countries. In the project, the absolute differential X-ray scattering cross sections of standard samples of glassy carbon and polystyrene were calibrated using five different calibration techniques and two different X-ray wavelengths. The results have been intercompared with a variety of statistical techniques. It is concluded that angularly dependent errors associated with determining the zero of angle, dead-time corrections, collimation corrections, and insufficiently close data point spacing are more important in accounting for discrepancies between laboratories than are differences in the absolute intensity calibration methods themselves.

Intensity calibration of a vacuum UV spectrometer by using the line ratio method

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (31) ◽  
pp. 6597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Bastert ◽  
Hans Heinrich Bukow ◽  
Haro von Buttlar
Keyword(s):  
Line Ratio ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Vacuum Uv ◽  
Intensity Calibration

The Physical World

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Manton ◽  
Nicholas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Variational Principles ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Black Body Radiation ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Solid State Physics ◽  
Least Action ◽  
Dimensional Spacetime

The book is an inspirational survey of fundamental physics, emphasizing the use of variational principles. Chapter 1 presents introductory ideas, including the principle of least action, vectors and partial differentiation. Chapter 2 covers Newtonian dynamics and the motion of mutually gravitating bodies. Chapter 3 is about electromagnetic fields as described by Maxwell’s equations. Chapter 4 is about special relativity, which unifies space and time into 4-dimensional spacetime. Chapter 5 introduces the mathematics of curved space, leading to Chapter 6 covering general relativity and its remarkable consequences, such as the existence of black holes. Chapters 7 and 8 present quantum mechanics, essential for understanding atomic-scale phenomena. Chapter 9 uses quantum mechanics to explain the fundamental principles of chemistry and solid state physics. Chapter 10 is about thermodynamics, which is built around the concepts of temperature and entropy. Various applications are discussed, including the analysis of black body radiation that led to the quantum revolution. Chapter 11 surveys the atomic nucleus, its properties and applications. Chapter 12 explores particle physics, the Standard Model and the Higgs mechanism, with a short introduction to quantum field theory. Chapter 13 is about the structure and evolution of stars and brings together material from many of the earlier chapters. Chapter 14 on cosmology describes the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole. Finally, Chapter 15 discusses remaining problems at the frontiers of physics, such as the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and the ultimate nature of particles. Some speculative ideas are explored, such as supersymmetry, solitons and string theory.

Constructing Quantum Mechanics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Duncan ◽  
Michel Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Stark Effect ◽  
Zeeman Effect ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Black Body Radiation ◽  
Wave Mechanics ◽  
Specific Heats ◽  
Old Quantum Theory ◽  
Upper Level

This is the first of two volumes on the genesis of quantum mechanics. It covers the key developments in the period 1900–1923 that provided the scaffold on which the arch of modern quantum mechanics was built in the period 1923–1927 (covered in the second volume). After tracing the early contributions by Planck, Einstein, and Bohr to the theories of black‐body radiation, specific heats, and spectroscopy, all showing the need for drastic changes to the physics of their day, the book tackles the efforts by Sommerfeld and others to provide a new theory, now known as the old quantum theory. After some striking initial successes (explaining the fine structure of hydrogen, X‐ray spectra, and the Stark effect), the old quantum theory ran into serious difficulties (failing to provide consistent models for helium and the Zeeman effect) and eventually gave way to matrix and wave mechanics. Constructing Quantum Mechanics is based on the best and latest scholarship in the field, to which the authors have made significant contributions themselves. It breaks new ground, especially in its treatment of the work of Sommerfeld and his associates, but also offers new perspectives on classic papers by Planck, Einstein, and Bohr. Throughout the book, the authors provide detailed reconstructions (at the level of an upper‐level undergraduate physics course) of the cental arguments and derivations of the physicists involved. All in all, Constructing Quantum Mechanics promises to take the place of older books as the standard source on the genesis of quantum mechanics.

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