Classical physical mechanism of quantum production and its explanation for hydrogen atom structure and photoelectric effect

In this paper, the problems existing in the concepts of Planck's energy element and Einstein's light quantum are analyzed, and the alternate concept of quantum and a new concept of electron transition power were proposed. This paper clarifies the common misunderstanding in classical electromagnetics that the electron will radiate electromagnetic wave when it moves around the nucleus in a uniform circular motion and points out that the electron will radiate and absorb electromagnetic waves only when it moves around the nucleus in an accelerated or decelerated motion with a change of frequency and expounds the classical physical mechanism of quantum generation. Based on this, the quantization of electron orbital energy level of hydrogen atom and the phenomenon of spectrum are explained without Bohr's “quantization hypothesis.” In addition, the photoelectric effect is explained by using the modified quantum concept. The modified quantum concept and its mechanism of classical physics break the gap between macro and micro physics, eliminate the contradiction between “classical physics” and “quantum mechanics,” and lay an important foundation for the reconstruction of unified macro and micro physics.

Preparation of Ag3PO4/TiO2(B) Heterojunction Nanobelt with Extended Light Response and Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance

Photocatalytic degradation, as an emerging method to control environmental pollution, is considered one of the most promising environmental purification technologies. As Tibet is a region with some of the strongest solar radiation in China and even in the world, it is extremely rich in solar energy resources, which is ideal for applying photocatalytic technology to its ecological environment protection and governance. In this study, Na2Ti3O7 nanobelts were prepared via a hydrothermal method and converted to TiO2∙xH2O ion exchange, which was followed by high-temperature calcination to prepare TiO2(B) nanobelts (“B” in TiO2(B) means “Bronze phase”). A simple in situ method was used to generate Ag3PO4 particles on the surface of the TiO2 nanobelts to construct a Ag3PO4/TiO2(B) heterojunction composite photocatalyst. By generating Ag3PO4 nanoparticles on the surface of the TiO2(B) nanobelts to construct heterojunctions, the light absorption range of the photocatalyst was successfully extended from UV (ultraviolet) to the visible region. Furthermore, the recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs in the catalyst was inhibited by the construction of the heterojunctions, thus greatly enhancing its light quantum efficiency. Therefore, the prepared Ag3PO4/TiO2(B) heterojunction composite photocatalyst greatly outperformed the TiO2(B) nanobelt in terms of photocatalytic degradation.

New White Light-Emitting Halochromic Stilbenes with Remarkable Quantum Yields and Aggregation-Induced Emission

Highly efficient single-component white light emitters (SWLEs), are attractive candidates for the simple and cost-effective fabrication of high-performance lighting devices. This study introduced a donor–π–acceptor and a donor–π–donor stilbene-based chromophores, representing pH-responsive fluorescence. The emitters showed yellow and green fluorescence in their neutral form. At the same time, protonation of the chromophores caused blue fluorescence color with a strong hypsochromic shift. The white light emission (WLE) for these chromophores was observed at approximately pH=3 due to the simultaneous presence of the neutral and protonated forms of the chromophores, covering almost all the emission spectra in the visible region (400-700 nm). These chromophores presented exceptional white light quantum yields (Φ) between 31-54%, which was desirable for producing white light-emitting devices. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TD)-DFT were applied to study the structural and electronic properties of the chromophores.

Noise rejection through an improved quantum illumination protocol

Quantum illumination protocols can be implemented to improve imaging performance in the low photon flux regime even in the presence of both background light and sensor noise. However, the extent to which this noise can be rejected is limited by the rate of accidental correlations resulting from the detection of photon or noise events that are not quantum-correlated. Here we present an improved protocol that rejects up to $$\gtrsim 99.9\%$$ ≳ 99.9 % of background light and sensor noise in the low photon flux regime, improving upon our previous results by an order of magnitude. This improvement, which requires no information regarding the scene or noise statistics, will enable extremely low light quantum imaging techniques to be applied in environments previously thought difficult and be an important addition to the development of covert imaging, quantum microscopes, and quantum LIDAR.

Photosynthetic Physiology Comparisons between No Tillage and Sod Culture of Citrus Farming in Different Seasons under Various Light Intensities

Sod culture (SC) and no tillage (NT) are modern orchard management systems, and are two different bases for the sustainable development and production of citrus orchards in Taiwan. However, there is no information about the efficiency of either NT or SC on the photosynthetic physiology of farmed citrus under different seasons and varying light intensities. The objective of this study was to clarify the impacts of SC and NT under eco-friendly farming management on the photosynthetic apparatus of an important plantation citrus species in response to varying light intensities over the seasons. The results showed that Rd (dark respiration rate of CO2), Qy (light quantum yield of CO2), LCP (light compensation point), Amax (maximum net assimilation of CO2), and Fv/Fm values of citrus plants under SC were somewhat higher under NT in the same season, particularly in the fall and in winter. As light intensity increased from 200 to 2000 μmol photon m−2 s−1 PPFD, higher Pn (net photosynthesis rate), Gs (stomatal conductance), ETR (electron transport rate), NPQ (non-photochemical quenching), and Fv/Fm (potential quantum efficiency of PSII) values were observed in spring and summer compared to the fall and winter, and increasing NPQ and decreasing Fv/Fm values were observed in all seasons. Positive and significant correlations were shown between the Pn and Gs under NT and SC in all seasons with all light illuminations, whereas significant and negative relationships were observed between the ETR and NPQ under NT in fall and winter at 1200~2000 PPFD. In short, ETR was useful for non-destructive estimations of Pn and NPQ since these indices were significantly and positively correlated with ETR in citrus leaves exposed to 0~1200 PPFD in all seasons and 1200~2000 PPFD in spring, the fall, and winter, providing a quick means to identify the physiological condition of plants under various seasons and tillages. The precise management of photosynthetic parameters such as ETR in response to light irradiances under varied seasons also provides implications for sustainable citrus production for tillage cropping systems in future higher CO2 and potentially wetter or drier environments. The tillages may hold promise for maximizing the economic efficiency of the growth and development of citrus plants grown in the field.

Multi-wave UV-photocatalysis system (UVA+UVC+VUV/Cu-N-TiO2) for efficient inactivation of microorganisms in ballast water

Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) is a system designed to remove biological organisms from ballast water. However, the existing BWTSs often have problems in practical applications. In this study, a multiwave ultraviolet (UV)-modified TiO2 photocatalyst biological inactivation system (longwave UV, UVA+shortwave UV, UVC+vacuum UV, VUV/Cu-N-TiO2) for microorganism inactivation in ballast water was established. The results showed that the UVA+UVC+VUV/Cu-N-TiO2 system improved the UV light quantum yield and catalyst activity in the photocatalytic reaction and fully utilized the synergistic inactivation effect of Cu-N-TiO2 photocatalyst+ multiwave UV light (UVA, UVC, and VUV) on microorganisms. Compared with 8 other photocatalytic systems, the logarithmic algae removal rate and logarithmic sterilization rate of the UVA+UVC+VUV/Cu-N-TiO2 system increased to 1.78 log and 5.86 log, respectively. The turbidity of the seawater affected the microorganism inactivation to a certain extent. The humic acid concentration should be controlled below 2 mg L−1 for the UVA+UVC+VUV/Cu-N-TiO2 system to inactivate microalgae more effectively. The multiwave UV photocatalytic system could significantly increase the lipid peroxidation products in microbial cells, rapidly reduce superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and degrade a large amount of chlorophyll within a short hydraulic residence time (HRT). Severe damage to the microbial cell membrane can destroy the normal functions of cells, resulting in the death of microorganisms. In conclusion, the UVA+UVC+VUV/Cu-N-TiO2 system is a potential new ballast water treatment system.

Emulating interacting waveguide quantum electrodynamics with wire metamaterials

Arrays of atoms coupled to photons, propagating in a waveguide, are now actively studied due to their prospects for generation and detection of quantum light. Quantum simulators based on waveguides with long-range couplings were also predicted to manifest unusual many-body quantum states. However, quantum tomography for large arrays with N > 20 atoms remains elusive since it requires independent access to every atom. Here, we present a novel concept for analogue quantum simulations by mapping the setup of waveguide quantum electrodynamics to the classical problem of an electromagnetic wave, propagating in a wire metamaterial. By experimentally measuring the near electromagnetic field we emulate the localization arising from polariton-polariton interactions in the quantum problem. Our results demonstrate the potential of wire metamaterials to visualize quantum light-matter coupling in a table-top experiment and may be applied to emulate other exotic quantum effects, such as quantum chaos, and self-induced topological states.

Physiological and Molecular Analysis Reveals the Differences of Photosynthesis between Colored and Green Leaf Poplars

Leaf coloration changes evoke different photosynthetic responses among different poplar cultivars. The aim of this study is to investigate the photosynthetic difference between a red leaf cultivar (ZHP) and a green leaf (L2025) cultivar of Populus deltoides. In this study, ‘ZHP’ exhibited wide ranges and huge potential for absorption and utilization of light energy and CO2 concentration which were similar to those in ‘L2025’ and even showed a stronger absorption for weak light. However, with the increasing light intensity and CO2 concentration, the photosynthetic capacity in both ‘L2025’ and ‘ZHP’ was gradually restricted, and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in ‘ZHP’ was significantly lower than that in ‘L2025’ under high light or high CO2 conditions, which was mainly attributed to stomatal regulation and different photosynthetic efficiency (including the light energy utilization efficiency and photosynthetic CO2 assimilation efficiency) in these two poplars. Moreover, the higher anthocyanin content in ‘ZHP’ than that in ‘L2025’ was considered to be closely related to the decreased photosynthetic efficiency in ‘ZHP’. According to the results from the JIP-test, the capture efficiency of the reaction center for light energy in ‘L2025’ was significantly higher than that in ‘ZHP’. Interestingly, the higher levels of light quantum caused relatively higher accumulation of QA- in ‘L2025’, which blocked the electron transport and weakened the photosystem II (PSII) performance as compared with ‘ZHP’; however, the decreased capture of light quantum also could not promote the utilization of light energy, which was the key to the low photosynthetic efficiency in ‘ZHP’. The differential expressions of a series of photosynthesis-related genes further promoted these specific photosynthetic processes between ‘L2025’ and ‘ZHP’.

Mpemba Effect- the Effect of Time

This paper draws the following conclusions on the nature of time by analyzing the relationship between time and speed, the relationship between time and gravitational field, the gravitational redshift of the photon, and the black-body radiation theorem: Time on an object is proportional to the amount of energy flowing out (or in) per unit time (observer’s time) per unit surface area of the object. When an object radiates energy outward: t'=μB(T) =μσT 4=μnhν/st Where t’ is the time on the object, μ is a constant, B(T) is the radiosity，the total energy radiated from the unit surface area of the object in unit time (observer’s time), σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature, n is the number of the photons radiated, ν is the average frequency of the photons radiated, s is the surface area of the object and t is the time on the observer. When the object radiates energy outward, the higher the energy density of the space (for example the stronger the gravitational field of the space), the smaller the radiosity B(T) of the object in the space, the longer the average wavelength of the light quantum emitted by the object, the slower the time on the object, the longer the life of the system. When the object radiates energy outward, the faster the object moves relative to the ether, the higher the energy density of the local space in which the object is located, the smaller the radiosity B(T) of the object, the longer the average wavelength of the light quantum radiated by the object, the slower the time on the object, and the longer the life of the system. When the object radiates energy outward, the higher the temperature of the object, the greater the object's radiosity B(T), the shorter the average wavelength of the light quantum radiated by the object, the faster the time on the object, and the shorter the life of the system. Applying the above conclusions about the nature of time, the author analyzes the Mpemba effect and the inverse Mpemba effect, and reaches the following conclusion: the Mpemba effect is the time effect produced when heat flows from objects into space, and the "inverse" Mpemba effect is the time effect produced when heat flows from space into objects.

Evaluating the Drought Endurance of Landscaping Ground Cover Plants in a Roof Top Model

Vegetative ground covers are commonly used in urban, tropical roadside gardens. Such landscaping ground covers usually encounter extreme water-deficits and high temperatures from vehicles and urban infrastructures. However, information about the plant species that are appropriate for low maintenance gardens is not available, especially in tropical areas. This study aimed to investigate potential indicators for evaluating plant tolerance to water-deficit situations. A non-irrigated rooftop model was used to test 25 commercial ground cover species in a greenhouse at Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand. Each of these 25 species was potted and subjected to one of two conditions: with or without irrigation for 7 days. Physiological responses relevant to plant endurance during water-deficits were monitored, including changes in leaf relative water content (RWC), percent stomatal opening, leaf surface temperature, leaf total chlorophyll content, leaf greenness, maximum quantum yield, and light quantum yield. Moreover, an additional indicator of landscape utility was evaluated, where each species was judged by trained panelists for their esthetic appeal. Diverse responses were observed based on the type of physiological parameter measured, plant species, and duration of drought conditions. Water withdrawal for three days was deemed an appropriate time to determine plant tolerance to water-deficit conditions, as signs of stress were clearly observed in three parameters, i.e., changes in leaf RWC, percent stomatal opening, and esthetic score. Lastly, cluster analysis revealed that seven plant species were appropriate for tropical, urban ground covers, as they had high endurance under water-deficit conditions, namely, Allium schoenoprasum,Liriope muscari, Aloe sp., Sedum x rubrotinctum, Alternanthera ficoidea, Pilea libanensis and Plectranthus scutellarioides.