Chapter 11: Confronting Field Data: Aging and Sexing Problems

1973 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Stable Processes ◽  
Demographic Analysis ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Common Problems

This and the following chapters will deal with the practical application of our life tables to anthropological data. In order to fit field data to a model, one must be confident that the data are as accurate and reliable as possible. This is difficult with anthropological data, especially if one is working from the literature. In this chapter the methods and common problems associated with the aging and sexing of anthropological populations are discussed. This discussion may help the reader to recognize questionable aspects of his data and to correct them prior to fitting a model table.There is always the problem of the representativeness of the sample. If there is no direct evidence to suspect one’s sampling, the sample of skeletons or the census of a living population are usually assumed to be representative of stable processes. This is necessary to the application of our models. If a skeletal series is taken from a biased sample of burials, then of course it is not representative of the population from which it came. This is often true for juveniles (Schwidetzky 1965), and some means have been developed to make up for this deficiency. Where an unbiased, representative sample or census cannot be assumed, further demographic analysis is not likely to be productive.

Accounts and Models for Spatial Demographic Analysis 3: Rates and Life Tables

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
P H Rees ◽  
A G Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Life Table ◽  
Fundamental Matrix ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Population Projection ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Demographic Analysis ◽  
Demographic Rate ◽  
Group Life ◽  
Single Region ◽  
Lexis Diagram

The paper begins by distinguishing, with the aid of the Lexis diagram that plots age against time, three kinds of demographic rate: age-group rates, period rates, and life-table rates. There are single-region and multiregion versions of those rates. In order to measure multiregional life-table rates, life-table accounts are developed together with an accounts based model that estimates the full accounts matrix from available data. These multiregional rates are then used to construct multiregional life tables akin to those recently proposed by Rogers. It is shown that the calculations involved in measuring the survivorship probabilities of the life table can be succinctly summarized in Stone's fundamental matrix. The detailed connections between life-table accounts and age-group accounts are explored, and the possibility of age-group life tables raised. The conclusion is reached that the age-group accounts are the appropriate ones for generating rates for use in population projection models, and that the life-table accounts are the appropriate ones for generating rates for use in actuarial calculations.

Demographic Structure of Pecos Indians: A Model Based on Life Tables

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Mobley
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Demographic Analysis ◽  
Age At Death ◽  
Demographic Structure ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Death Data

Age-at-death data on over 2,000 burials from two pueblo sites in New Mexico are subjected to demographic analysis. Prior studies are reviewed to illustrate deficiencies and qualifications in the data base and the analytical method. The skeletal assemblage is subdivided into seven samples by chronological phase, and life tables are constructed. Aspects such as mortality and life expectancy are then examined for each phase and a diachronic model of demographic structure is developed for Pecos Indians between A.D. 1150 and 1700.

THE DIRECT APPROACH TO MAGNETIC INTERPRETATION AND ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Geophysics ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo J. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
Scalar Potential ◽  
Direct Calculation ◽  
Magnetic Data ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Magnetic Field Data ◽  
Magnetic Interpretation ◽  
Basement Rocks ◽  
Derivatives Of

This paper discusses the solution of the inverse potential problem and its practical application in the interpretation of field data which have a scalar potential distribution. The discussion will be in terms of the interpretation of magnetic data. Among the topics discussed are: the direct calculation of basement relief, the derivation of the potential and the horizontal components of the field from the vertical intensity, the continuation of the field upward, the continuation of the field downward towards its source, the calculation of derivatives of the vertical intensity with special attention to the second and fourth, and the estimation of depths to igneous basement rocks. The uses of these tools and the information of practical value which can be obtained by their use are discussed and illustrated. Methods of rapidly making calculations using magnetic field data are given.

scholarly journals Creating Clusters and Competitiveness in Business: Kosovo Case

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr.Sc. Hysni Terziu
Keyword(s):  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Cluster Development ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
Industrialised Countries

Providing basic theoretical concepts and an explanation of creation and organisation of clusters in business, I believe that I come closer to the aim of judging about when and how to use the most suitable and necessary manners for practical application of clusters for increase of competitiveness. Presentation of basic concepts below shall cover problems which are related to various situations irrespective to the level of enterprises.In concordance with the aims and theme, this work presents creative thinking and scientific concepts, studies, projects and programs related to the subject of competitiveness development and clustering in business. My aim at this work has been to make a theoretical-practical review of the project of competitiveness and clustering as competitive advantage in nowadays’ businesses in Kosovo, in countries of the region and in the world. Theories and concepts of promotion of clusters have up to date been based mainly on the experience of industrialised countries which may not find application in the countries in transition as Kosovo is. But, for this reason a thorough review is needed in order to determine if the levels of cooperation between enterprises in the countries in transition are sufficient in order to enable cluster development, or if a change is required in a country in transition in defining clusters, and as a result any change into the strategy of the assistance with the purpose of improvement of economic condition and the business situation in these countries, and in particular in Kosovo.Many of the enterprises have similar problems with each other which are related to competitiveness of their products, finding markets, costs of sources, quality and standards as per market demand etc. If we say that businesses have common problems, then, it may be that there is room for them to cooperate with each other into solving similar problems through cluster creation.

Chapter 12: Confronting Field Data: Fitting Data to Model

1973 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Data Fitting ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Stochastic Variation ◽  
Stationary Population

The model life tables are constructed for field data which are fragmentary, incomplete, or lacking in detail. If a few gross measures can be determined which reflect the pooled experience of many elements of the population and hence are freer of stochastic variation, and if the stationary population assumptions are at all justified, a reasonable fit to a model can be expected with a minimum of work.

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