life tables
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Arias ◽  
Jiaquan Xu ◽  
Betzaida Tejada-Vera ◽  
Brigham Bastian

This report presents complete period life tables for each of the 50 states and District of Columbia by sex, based on 2019 age-specific death rates.


2022 ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
Andrew Leung
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Filipe Costa de Souza

Ideally, life expectancy should be a decreasing function of age. When this fact is not observed, this situation is known as the life table paradox. This paper investigated the timing (and health metrics at the time) in which Brazil and its Federation Units (FU) overcame (or are expected to overcome) this paradox. The data were gathered from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and contained 3,416 sex-specific abridged life tables, from 2000 to 2060. At national level, females and males overcame the paradox in 2016 and 2018, respectively. However, when the FU were examined separately, much heterogeneity was observed. Through the decomposition analysis of the change over time in the difference between life expectancy at birth and at age one, we found that Brazil and most of its FU are expected to have both changes declining over time and the total change is expected to be decreasing and greater than zero. Nevertheless, for some Northeastern states the total change is expected to pass from a positive to a negative value; and for two Northern states the total change is expected to be neither decreasing nor increasing. In a public planning perspective, we understand that achieving balancing in the life tables is a goal to be pursued, especially because having an imbalanced table means that life expectancy at birth is still strongly influenced by high levels of infant mortality. Therefore, this knowledge could help planners to properly define strategies to accelerate the balancing process and revert unequal scenarios.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259304
Author(s):  
Julio Romero Prieto ◽  
Andrea Verhulst ◽  
Michel Guillot

Background The infant mortality rate (IMR) is a critical indicator of population health, but its measurement is subject to response bias in countries without complete vital registration systems who rely instead on birth histories collected via sample surveys. One of the most salient bias is the fact that child deaths in these birth histories tend to be reported with a large amount of heaping at age 12 months. Because of this issue, analysts and international agencies do not directly use IMR estimates based on surveys such as Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS); they rely instead on mortality models such as model life tables. The use of model life tables in this context, however, is arbitrary, and the extent to which this approach appropriately addresses bias in DHS-based IMR estimates remains unclear. This hinders our ability to monitor IMR levels and trends in low-and middle-income countries. The objective of this study is to evaluate age heaping bias in DHS-based IMR estimates and propose an improved method for adjusting this bias. Methods and findings Our method relies on a recently-developed log-quadratic model that can predict age-specific mortality by detailed age between 0 and 5. The model’s coefficients were derived from a newly constituted database, the Under-5 Mortality Database (U5MD), that represents the mortality experience of countries with high-quality vital registration data. We applied this model to 204 DHS surveys, and compared unadjusted IMR values to IMR values adjusted with the log-quadratic model as well as with the classic model life table approach. Results show that contrary to existing knowledge, age heaping at age 12 months rarely generates a large amount of bias in IMR estimates. In most cases, the unadjusted IMR values were not deviating by more than +/- 5% from the adjusted values. The model life table approach, by contrast, introduced an unwarranted, downward bias in adjusted IMR values. We also found that two regions, Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, present age patterns of under-5 mortality that strongly depart from the experience represented in the U5MD. For these countries, neither the existing model life tables nor the log-quadratic model can produce empirically-supported IMR adjustments. Conclusions Age heaping at age 12 months produces a smaller amount of bias in DHS-based IMR estimates than previously thought. If a large amount of age heaping is present in a survey, the log-quadratic model allows users to evaluate, and whenever necessary, adjust IMR estimates in a way that is more informed by the local mortality pattern than existing approaches. Future research should be devoted to understanding why Sub-Saharan African and South Asian countries have such distinct age patterns of under-five mortality.


Author(s):  
Joachim Hübner ◽  
Johann Mattutat ◽  
Alexander Katalinic

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Verlorene Lebensjahre (Years of Life Lost, YLL) sind ein aussagekräftiger, in Deutschland jedoch wenig verwendeter Indikator für die Relevanz von Todesursachen. Es existieren zahlreiche Methoden, mit denen YLL berechnet werden können. Ziel der Arbeit Es werden prototypische Methoden zur Berechnung von YLL vorgestellt und kritisch eingeordnet. Auf dieser Basis wird eine verbesserte Methode vorgeschlagen, die auf der Nutzung von todesursachenbereinigten Sterbetafeln (Cause-Elimination Life Tables, CELT) beruht. Methoden Etablierte Methoden und die hier vorgeschlagene Modifikation werden auf die Sterblichkeit in Deutschland 2018 angewandt. Veränderungen gegenüber 1998 werden anhand der modifizierten Methode dargestellt. Ergebnisse Während nach der Zahl der Sterbefälle Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen im Jahr 2018 die bedeutendste Todesursache waren, war Krebs für die meisten YLL verantwortlich. Unterschiedliche Methoden zur Berechnung der YLL führen zu deutlich abweichenden Rängen bei den weniger bedeutsamen Todesursachen. YLL auf Basis von allgemeinen Sterbetafeln unterschätzen die YLL auf Basis der todesursachenbereinigten Sterbetafeln um bis zu 18,4 % (Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen). Gemessen an den CELT-basierten YLL waren im Jahr 1998 Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen die bedeutsamste Todesursache. Diskussion Die Berechnung von YLL auf der Basis von todesursachenbereinigten Sterbetafeln vermeidet Inkonsistenzen etablierter Methoden und führt zu relevant abweichenden Ergebnissen. Besonderheiten der vorgeschlagenen Methode (Verstoß gegen das Egalitätsprinzip, fehlende Additivität) beeinträchtigen ihren Nutzen als Instrument zur Steuerung der Gesundheitsversorgung nicht.


10.6036/9616 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 468-472
Author(s):  
JOSE MARIA FRANQUET BERNIS ◽  
Francesc Xavier Grau Vidal

In this work, several studies of aging pipes have been compiled and, starting on the basis of circulating flow through a pipe of t years of age is based on the inner diameter and driving age, some design life tables have been made corresponding to the main materials and components of pipes specifically: iron, steel, concrete, fibre cement and plastics, determining the corresponding ageing by multiple linear regression equations, obtained for all these materials. Several proposals of analytical configuration of the mathematic functions of aging (flow-time) that can be useful for the study and prevention of this phenomenon are also made.


2021 ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Owen R. Jones

Life tables, which describe how the risk of death (and sometimes fertility) changes with age, are a fundamental tool for describing and exploring the diversity of life histories. Numerous important life history metrics can be derived from them. This chapter provides a broad coverage of life table construction and use and use with a particular focus on nonhuman animals. The calculation of life tables can be divided into approaches: cohort-based, where the data are obtained from individuals born at (approximately) the same time that are followed until death; and period-based, where the data are obtained from a population of mixed ages followed for a particular time-frame (e.g. a year). Worked examples of both approaches are provided using data from published sources. Emphasis is placed on understanding concepts such as rates vs. probability, life expectancy, and generation time. Links are drawn between the survivorship curve (type I, type II, and type III survivorship) and entropy. The chapter also covers the concept of the Lexis diagram which is used to represent births and deaths for individuals in different cohorts. Finally, the assumptions and limitations of life tables are discussed, with pointers to further reading. Code and data are provided.


Ecography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1501-1510
Author(s):  
Gengping Zhu ◽  
Javier Gutierrez Illan ◽  
David W. Crowder
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
László Németh ◽  
Domantas Jasilionis ◽  
Henrik Brønnum-Hansen ◽  
Dmitri A. Jdanov

Abstract Background The lack of classification by educational attainment in death and population exposure data at older ages is an important constraint for studying changes and patterns of mortality disparities by education in Denmark and Sweden. The missing educational distribution of population also restricts analyses aiming at estimating contributions of compositional change to the improvements in national longevity. This study proposes a transparent approach to solve the two methodological issues allowing to obtain robust education-specific mortality estimates and population weights. Methods Using nonparametric approach, we redistribute the unknown cases and extrapolate the mortality curves of these sub-populations with the help of population-level data on an aggregate level from the Human Mortality Database. Results We present reconstructed and harmonized education-specific abridged and complete life tables for Sweden and Denmark covering 5-year-long periods from 1991–1995 to 2011–2015. The newly estimated life tables are in good agreement with the national life tables and show plausible age- and education-specific patterns. The observed changes in life expectancy by education suggest about the widening longevity gap between the highest and lowest educated for males and females in both countries. Conclusions The proposed simple and transparent method can be applied in similar country-specific cases showing large proportions of missing education or other socio-economic characteristics at older ages.


Author(s):  
David A. Swanson ◽  
Lucky M. Tedrow

AbstractThis paper discusses known mathematical equalities and inequalities found within life tables and proceeds to identify two new inequalities. The first (theorem 1) is that at any given age x, the sum of mean years lived and mean years remaining exceeds life expectancy at birth when age is greater than zero and less than the maximum lifespan. The second inequality (theorem 2) applies to the entire population and shows that the sum of mean years lived and mean years remaining exceeds life expectancy at birth. Illustrations of the two inequalities are provided as well as a discussion.


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