scholarly journals Concept innateness, concept continuity, and bootstrapping

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Carey
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Conceptual Development

AbstractThe commentators raised issues relevant to all three important theses of The Origin of Concepts (henceforth TOOC). Some questioned the very existence of innate representational primitives, and others questioned my claims about their richness and whether they should be thought of as concepts. Some questioned the existence of conceptual discontinuity in the course of knowledge acquisition and others argued that discontinuity is much more common than was portrayed in TOOC. Some raised issues with my characterization of Quinian bootstrapping, and others questioned the dual factor theory of concepts motivated by my picture of conceptual development.

scholarly journals Demarginalizing Standpoint Epistemology

Episteme ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Briana Toole
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Pragmatic Encroachment ◽  
Traditional Epistemology ◽  
Standpoint Epistemology

Abstract Standpoint epistemology, the view that social identity is relevant to knowledge-acquisition, has been consigned to the margins of mainstream philosophy. In part, this is because the principles of standpoint epistemology are taken to be in opposition to those which guide traditional epistemology. One goal of this paper is to tease out the characterization of traditional epistemology that is at odds with standpoint epistemology. The characterization of traditional epistemology that I put forth is one which endorses the thesis of intellectualism, the view that knowledge does not depend on non-epistemic features. I then suggest that two further components – the atomistic view of knowers and aperspectivalism – can be usefully interpreted as supporting features of intellectualism. A further goal of this paper is to show that we ought to resist this characterization of traditional epistemology. I use pragmatic encroachment as a dialectical tool to motivate the denial of intellectualism, and consequently, the denial of both supporting components. I then attempt to show how it is possible to have a view, similar to pragmatic encroachment, that takes social identity, rather than stakes, to be the feature that makes a difference to what a person is in a position to know.

Communities Make Theory: A Response to Bleed and Roper

2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
Plains Archaeology

In their comments, Bleed and Roper acknowledge the profound effects routine research practices have had on the conceptual development of Plains archaeology, though both disagree with aspects of my analysis. Bleed disputes my characterization of current theory in Plains archaeology but fails to appreciate the extent to which Plains archaeology continues to emphasize culture historical research. Bleed further argues that there are few connections between the research practices established by the Missouri Basin Project (MBP) and those of more recent Plains archaeologists. However, such a stance discounts the powerful influence of construct paradigms or exemplars on the development of method and theory. Roper provides valuable insights into the role played by direct historic analogy in the development of theory in Plains archaeology. However, her analysis glosses over the fact that all aspects of archaeological research are informed by theoretical propositions, whether explicitly stated or merely assumed.

scholarly journals Reduced Neural Selectivity for Mental States in Deaf Children with Delayed Exposure to Sign Language

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Richardson ◽  
Jorie Koster-Hale ◽  
Naomi Kenney Caselli ◽  
Rachel Willcox Magid ◽  
Rachel Benedict ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
American Sign Language ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Linguistic Experience ◽  
The Right ◽  
Neural Selectivity

Language provides a rich source of information about other people’s thoughts and feelings. Consequently, delayed access to language may influence conceptual development in Theory of Mind (ToM). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral tasks to study ToM development in child (n=33, 4-12 years old) and adult (n=36) fluent signers of American Sign Language (ASL), and provide the first characterization of neural ToM responses during an ASL task. Participants included deaf children whose first exposure to ASL was delayed up to 7 years (n=12). Neural responses to ToM stories (specifically, selectivity of the right temporo-parietal junction) in these children resembled responses previously observed in young children, who have the same amount of linguistic experience, rather than those in age-matched native-signing children, who have the same amount of biological maturation. These results suggest that early linguistic experience facilitates ToM development, via the development of a selective brain region for ToM.

scholarly journals Pre-Conceptual Development and Characterization of an Extruded Graphite Composite Fuel for the Treat Reactor

2015 ◽  
pp. 1193-1202
Author(s):  
Erik Luther ◽  
Isabella van Rooyen ◽  
Ching-Fong Chen ◽  
David Dombrowski ◽  
Rafael Leckie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Graphite Composite ◽  
Composite Fuel

Conceptual development and characterization of a diamond-based ultraviolet detector

1999 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 1333-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Jaeshine Ahn ◽  
Chan Yuen Chuen ◽  
Lam Yee Loy
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Ultraviolet Detector

scholarly journals Pre-Conceptual Development and Characterization of an Extruded Graphite Composite Fuel for the Treat Reactor

2015 ◽  
pp. 1195-1202
Author(s):  
Erik Luther ◽  
Isabella van Rooyen ◽  
Ching-Fong Chen ◽  
David Dombrowski ◽  
Rafael Leckie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Graphite Composite ◽  
Composite Fuel

Morphological Characterization of Mycobacteriophage R1

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 254-255
Author(s):  
B. L. Soloff ◽  
T. A. Rado
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Logarithmic Growth Phase ◽  
Complete Lysis ◽  
Lysogenic Culture ◽  
Logarithmic Growth

Mycobacteriophage R1 was originally isolated from a lysogenic culture of M. butyricum. The virus was propagated on a leucine-requiring derivative of M. smegmatis, 607 leu−, isolated by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of typestrain ATCC 607. Growth was accomplished in a minimal medium containing glycerol and glucose as carbon source and enriched by the addition of 80 μg/ ml L-leucine. Bacteria in early logarithmic growth phase were infected with virus at a multiplicity of 5, and incubated with aeration for 8 hours. The partially lysed suspension was diluted 1:10 in growth medium and incubated for a further 8 hours. This permitted stationary phase cells to re-enter logarithmic growth and resulted in complete lysis of the culture.

AEM analysis of crystallization in Ti-based amorphous alloys

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 270-271
Author(s):  
A.R. Pelton ◽  
A.F. Marshall ◽  
Y.S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Amorphous Alloys ◽  
Amorphous Materials ◽  
Isothermal Annealing ◽  
Amorphous Matrix ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Amorphous Films ◽  
Electrical And Magnetic Properties

Amorphous materials are of current interest due to their desirable mechanical, electrical and magnetic properties. Furthermore, crystallizing amorphous alloys provides an avenue for discerning sequential and competitive phases thus allowing access to otherwise inaccessible crystalline structures. Previous studies have shown the benefits of using AEM to determine crystal structures and compositions of partially crystallized alloys. The present paper will discuss the AEM characterization of crystallized Cu-Ti and Ni-Ti amorphous films.Cu60Ti40: The amorphous alloy Cu60Ti40, when continuously heated, forms a simple intermediate, macrocrystalline phase which then transforms to the ordered, equilibrium Cu3Ti2 phase. However, contrary to what one would expect from kinetic considerations, isothermal annealing below the isochronal crystallization temperature results in direct nucleation and growth of Cu3Ti2 from the amorphous matrix.

Characterization of Coherent, Ordered Precipitates in Nickel-Base Alloys

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 144-145
Author(s):  
B. H. Kear ◽  
J. M. Oblak
Keyword(s):  
Stable Phase ◽  
Nickel Base Superalloy ◽  
Alloy 718 ◽  
Commercial Alloy ◽  
Precipitate Morphology ◽  
Continuous Precipitation ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Base Superalloy ◽  
Strengthening Precipitate

A nickel-base superalloy is essentially a Ni/Cr solid solution hardened by additions of Al (Ti, Nb, etc.) to precipitate a coherent, ordered phase. In most commercial alloy systems, e.g. B-1900, IN-100 and Mar-M200, the stable precipitate is Ni3 (Al,Ti) γ′, with an LI2structure. In A lloy 901 the normal precipitate is metastable Nis Ti3 γ′ ; the stable phase is a hexagonal Do2 4 structure. In Alloy 718 the strengthening precipitate is metastable γ″, which has a body-centered tetragonal D022 structure.Precipitate MorphologyIn most systems the ordered γ′ phase forms by a continuous precipitation re-action, which gives rise to a uniform intragranular dispersion of precipitate particles. For zero γ/γ′ misfit, the γ′ precipitates assume a spheroidal.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

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