It's distributions all the way down!: Second order changes in statistical distributions also occur

AbstractThe textual, big-data literature misses Bentley et al.’s message on distributions; it largely examines the first-order effects of how a single, signature distribution can predict population behaviour, neglecting second-order effects involving distributional shifts, either between signature distributions or within a given signature distribution. Indeed, Bentley et al. themselves under-emphasise the potential richness of the latter, within-distribution effects.

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Statistical analysis of second order effects variation with the stories height of reinforced concrete buildings

Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais ◽

10.1590/s1983-41952017000200005 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 333-357

Author(s):

D.M. OLIVEIRA ◽

N.A. SILVA ◽

C.C. RIBEIRO ◽

S.E.C. RIBEIRO

Keyword(s):

Reinforced Concrete ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Second Order ◽

Order Effects ◽

Reinforced Concrete Buildings ◽

First Order ◽

Concrete Buildings ◽

Ideal Situation ◽

Second Order Effects ◽

The Ideal

Abstract In this paper the simplified method to evaluate final efforts using γ z coefficient is studied considering the variation of the second order effects with the height of the buildings. With this purpose, several reinforced concrete buildings of medium height are analyzed in first and second order using ANSYS software. Initially, it was checked that the (z coefficient should be used as magnifier of first order moments to evaluate final second order moments. Therefore, the study is developed considering the relation (final second order moments/ first order moments), calculated for each story of the structures. This moments relation is called magnifier of first order moments, "γ", and, in the ideal situation, it must coincide with the γ z value. However, it is observed that the reason γ /γ z varies with the height of the buildings. Furthermore, using an statistical analysis, it was checked that γ /γ z relation is generally lower than 1.05 and varies significantly in accordance with the considered building and with the presence or not of symmetry in the structure.

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An Experimental Study of Deviations from the Linear Transfer Function

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100052018 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 400-401

Author(s):

William A. Voter ◽

Harold P. Erickson

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Image Formation ◽

Order Theory ◽

Second Order ◽

Diffraction Spot ◽

Order Effects ◽

First Order ◽

First Order Theory ◽

Second Order Effects ◽

The Fourier Transform

In a previous experimental study of image formation using a thin (20 nm) negatively stained catalase crystal, it was found that a linear or first order theory of image formation would explain almost entirely the changes in the Fourier transform of the image as a function of defocus. In this case it was concluded that the image is a valid picture of the object density. For thicker, higher contrast objects the first order theory may not be valid. Second order effects could generate false diffraction spots which would lead to spurious and artifactual image details. These second order effects would appear as deviations of the diffraction spot amplitudes from the first order theory. Small deviations were in fact noted in the study of the thin crystals, but there was insufficient data for a quantitative analysis.

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The Impossibility of the Separation Thesis: A Response to Joakim Sandberg

Business Ethics Quarterly ◽

10.5840/beq200818437 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 541-548 ◽

Cited By ~ 91

Author(s):

Jared D. Harris ◽

R. Edward Freeman

Keyword(s):

Business Ethics ◽

Second Order ◽

Theory And Practice ◽

Order Effects ◽

Ethical Values ◽

Separation Thesis ◽

Second Order Effects ◽

The Way

Distinguishing “business” concerns from “ethical” values is not only an unfruitful and meaningless task, it is also an impossible endeavor. Nevertheless, fruitless attempts to separate facts from values produce detrimental second-order effects, both for theory and practice, and should therefore be abandoned. We highlight examples of exemplary research that integrate economic and moral considerations, and point the way to a business ethics discipline that breaks new ground by putting ideas and narratives about business together with ideas and narratives about ethics.

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The interaction of lattice vibrations and free electrons in metals

Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ◽

10.1017/s0305004100010239 ◽

1932 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 367-385

Author(s):

H. Jones

Keyword(s):

Specific Heat ◽

Second Order ◽

Order Effects ◽

Lattice Vibrations ◽

Free Electrons ◽

Thermoelectric Effects ◽

Periodic Field ◽

First Order ◽

Specific Heats ◽

Second Order Effects

The electron theory of metals, established in its present form mainly by Pauli, Sommerfeld and Bloch, makes it possible to classify the phenomena connected with metals into two main divisions, which may be called first order effects and second order effects, according to whether the effect depends on the first or second approximation to the energy of a degenerate electron gas at a given temperature. Examples of the first group are the constant paramagnetism of the alkalis and Volta contact potentials. Examples of the second group are the specific heat of the electrons and all thermoelectric effects. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity should be included in the group of first order effects, since here the temperature is introduced through the lattice wave motion. The limits of the existing theory are now easily described. First order effects are accounted for with success, second order effects are in the main far from being adequately covered by the theory. To see clearly the reason for this, one must examine briefly the basis of the existing theory. In the first approximation the metal is regarded as composed of two independent systems; a system of lattice vibrations, and a system of electrons free to move in a given space periodic field of potential. In this way by dealing with the two systems quite independently one can reproduce many properties of metals, for example, Debye's theory of specific heats. The theory of pure lattice heat conductivity is concerned only with the former system, while the constant paramagnetism of the alkalis, and the fact that the electrons contribute only a very small amount to the total specific heat of the metal can be accounted for by considering the latter system only.

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Evaluation of second order moments in reinforced concrete structures using the γz and B2 coefficients

Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais ◽

10.1590/s1983-41952014000300002 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 329-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D. M. Oliveira ◽

N. A. Silva ◽

P. M. Oliveira ◽

C. C. Ribeiro

Keyword(s):

Reinforced Concrete ◽

Concrete Structures ◽

Steel Structures ◽

Second Order ◽

Order Effects ◽

Reinforced Concrete Structures ◽

Ansys Software ◽

First Order ◽

Simplified Method ◽

Second Order Effects

This paper presents an alternative to estimate the magnifier of first order moments to be applied on each storey of reinforced concrete structures, from the values obtained for the γz and B2 coefficients, used to evaluate second order effects in reinforced concrete structures and in steel structures, respectively. In order to develop the study, initially several reinforced concrete buildings of medium height are processed, in first order and in second order, using the ANSYS software. Next, γz, B2 and the increase in first order moments, when considering the second order effects along the height of the buildings, are calculated. Finally, from the results obtained, the magnifier of the first order moments, differentiated for each storey of the structure and calculated from both γz and B2 coefficients, is estimated and the efficiency of the simplified method of obtaining final moments using the magnifier proposed is evaluated.

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