Representation of affect in sensory cortex

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Miskovic ◽  
Karl Kuntzelman ◽  
Junichi Chikazoe ◽  
Adam K. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
External World ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Affective Influences ◽  
Affective Dimensions ◽  
Physical Dimensions

AbstractContemporary neuroscience suggests that perception is perhaps best understood as a dynamically iterative process that does not honor cleanly segregated “bottom-up” or “top-down” streams. We argue that there is substantial empirical support for the idea that affective influences infiltrate the earliest reaches of sensory processing and even that primitive internal affective dimensions (e.g., goodness-to-badness) are represented alongside physical dimensions of the external world.

Multi-scale predictions distinctively modulate tone perception in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuyin Yang ◽  
Hao Zhu ◽  
Lingfang Yu ◽  
Weihong Lu ◽  
Chen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Weighting Function ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Multiple Timescales ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Auditory Verbal Hallucinations

AbstractsAuditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are one of the most pronounced symptoms that manifest the underlying mechanisms of deficits in schizophrenia. Cognitive models postulate that malfunctioned source monitoring incorrectly weights the top-down prediction and bottom-up sensory processing and causes hallucinations. Here, we investigate the featural-temporal characteristics of source monitoring in AVHs. Schizophrenia patients with and without AVHs, and healthy controls identified target tones in noise at the end of tone sequences. Predictions of different timescales were manipulated by either an alternating pattern in the preceding tone sequences, or a repetition between the target tone and the tone immediately before. The sensitivity index, d’, was obtained to assess the modulation of predictions on tone identification. We found that patients with AVHs showed higher d’ when the target tones conformed to the long-term regularity of alternating pattern in the preceding tone sequence than that when the targets were inconsistent with the pattern. Whereas, the short-term regularity of repetitions modulated the tone identification in patients without AVHs. Predictions did not influence tone identification in healthy controls. These findings suggest that malfunctioned source monitoring in AVHs heavily weights predictions to form incorrect perception. The weighting function in source monitoring can extend to the process of basic tonal features, and predictions at multiple timescales differentially modulate perception in different clinical populations. These collaboratively reveal the featural and temporal characteristics of weighting function in source monitoring of AVHs and suggest that the malfunctioned interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes might underlie the development of auditory hallucinations.HighlightsMalfunctioned source monitoring incorrectly weights the top-down prediction and bottom-up sensory processing underlie pathogenesis of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia.The weighting function in top-down predictions and bottom-up sensory processing can extend to tonal features.Predictions at multiple timescales differentially modulate perception in different clinical schizophrenia populations.

scholarly journals Preferential effect of isoflurane on top-down vs. bottom-up pathways in sensory cortex

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aeyal Raz ◽  
Sean M. Grady ◽  
Bryan M. Krause ◽  
Daniel J. Uhlrich ◽  
Karen A. Manning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

scholarly journals Prior expectations induce pre-stimulus sensory templates

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kok ◽  
Pim Mostert ◽  
Floris P. de Lange
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Representational Content ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Neural Signal ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Sensory Inputs

AbstractPerception can be described as a process of inference, integrating bottom-up sensory inputs and top-down expectations. However, it is unclear how this process is neurally implemented. It has been proposed that expectations lead to pre-stimulus baseline increases in sensory neurons tuned to the expected stimulus, which in turn affects the processing of subsequent stimuli. Recent fMRI studies have revealed stimulus-specific patterns of activation in sensory cortex as a result of expectation, but this method lacks the temporal resolution necessary to distinguish pre- from post-stimulus processes. Here, we combined human MEG with multivariate decoding techniques to probe the representational content of neural signals in a time-resolved manner. We observed a representation of expected stimuli in the neural signal well before they were presented, demonstrating that expectations indeed induce a pre-activation of stimulus templates. These results suggest a mechanism for how predictive perception can be neurally implemented.

Gamma rhythms as liminal operators in sensory processing

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-808
Author(s):  
Miles A. Whittington
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Temporal Domain ◽  
Gamma Rhythms

Gamma rhythms are associated with external and internal sensory processing. Within the conceptual framework of “top-down” and “bottom-up” processing, this suggests that gamma represents a format common to both camps. As these oscillations facilitate communication in the temporal domain, they may represent a mechanism by which top-down and bottom-up processing can interact. A breakdown in this interaction may lead to hallucinations.

scholarly journals Bottom-up sensory processing can decrease activity and functional connectivity in the default mode like network in rats

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rukun Hinz ◽  
Lore M. B. Peeters ◽  
Disha Shah ◽  
Stephan Missault ◽  
Michaël Belloy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Default Mode

AbstractThe default mode network is a large-scale brain network that is active during rest and internally focused states and deactivates as well as desynchronizes during externally oriented (top-down) attention demanding cognitive tasks. However, it is not sufficiently understood if unpredicted salient stimuli, able to trigger bottom-up attentional processes, could also result in similar reduction of activity and functional connectivity in the DMN. In this study, we investigated whether bottom-up sensory processing could influence the default mode like network (DMLN) in rats. DMLN activity was examined using block-design visual functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while its synchronization was investigated by comparing functional connectivity during a resting versus a continuously stimulated brain state by unpredicted light flashes. We demonstrated that activity in DMLN regions was decreased during visual stimulus blocks and increased during blanks. Furthermore, decreased inter-network functional connectivity between the DMLN and visual networks as well as decreased intra-network functional connectivity within the DMLN was observed during the continuous visual stimulation. These results suggest that triggering of bottom-up attention mechanisms in anesthetized rats can lead to a cascade similar to top-down orienting of attention in humans and is able to deactivate and desynchronize the DMLN.

scholarly journals Sensory Processing in Adult ADHD – A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Schulze ◽  
Silke Lux ◽  
Alexandra Philipsen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Processing Deficits

Abstract BackgroundThe way we perceive our environment is driven by our sensory nervous system and our attentional resources. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. While cognitive and behavior dysfunctions have broadly been investigated, sensory processing has received less scientific attention. It has been shown, that children with ADHD show processing and modulatory deficits in multiple sensory domains, but very few studies examine to what extent these deficits persist in adult life. We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating sensory processing in adult ADHD.Main BodyUsing the keywords ‘ADHD’ and ‘sensory processing’, Web of Science and MEDLINE database were systematically searched for all articles published up to March 2020. 53 studies were included. Mostly, visual and auditory processing are studied, few investigated multisensory audiovisual and somatosensory processing. In summary, adult ADHD is marked by increased sensory gaining and deficient sensory inhibition. These disturbed gaining and inhibitory mechanisms were most prominent in the auditory modality but also visual modality impairment in terms of stimuli modulation were evident. Electrophysiological studies show alterations across all event-related potential (ERP) components associated with distractibility at early components (bottom-up) and inhibition and stimulus discrimination at later components (top-down). Brain imaging studies on sensory processing in ADHD are scarce, few pointing to higher resting state functional connectivity in visual areas and visual crossmodal activation for auditory stimuli. ConclusionSensory processing deficits extent from childhood to adult ADHD. These deficits are mainly driven by higher distractibility by irrelevant stimuli and modulatory impairment for relevant stimuli. In future studies, the relation of impaired bottom-up and top-down attentional mechanisms should be investigated and how they contribute to sensory processing deficits and clinical symptomatology in adult ADHD. This could help to gather more information about the underling processing deficits, so that specific adjusted training can be provided, that helps to overcome deficits in daily life functioning in e.g., not producing appropriate adaptive responses in social settings.Trial registrationN/A

Affect in EMI at a German university

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Hunter ◽  
Ursula Lanvers
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Students ◽  
Training Needs ◽  
Top Down ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
German Education ◽  
English Medium Instruction ◽  
Affective Dimensions

Englishization in German education is progressing rapidly, driven both by top-down and bottom-up forces (Lanvers & Hultgren, 2018). HE institutions are under pressure to be internationally attractive to fee-paying foreign students, but also need to offer high quality HE for home students. In the rapid move towards ‘Englishizing’ German HE institutions (Earls, 2014), little attention has been given to how stakeholders themselves – as participants but not enactors of this change – experience Englishization (Göpferich et al., 2019). This chapter explores how stakeholders experience affective dimensions of Englishization in a German HE institute. These insights can inform future training needs for English-medium instruction (EMI) staff and students. We conclude by linking our affective focus to wider development of Englishization in Germany.

scholarly journals Expectation in Melody: The Influence of Context and Learning

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 377-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus T. Pearce ◽  
Geraint A. Wiggins
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Musical Experience ◽  
Ir Theory ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Statistical Regularities ◽  
Better Than

The Implication-Realization (IR) theory (Narmour, 1990) posits two cognitive systems involved in the generation of melodic expectations: The first consists of a limited number of symbolic rules that are held to be innate and universal; the second reflects the top-down influences of acquired stylistic knowledge. Aspects of both systems have been implemented as quantitative models in research which has yielded empirical support for both components of the theory (Cuddy & Lunny, 1995; Krumhansl, 1995a, 1995b; Schellenberg, 1996, 1997). However, there is also evidence that the implemented bottom-up rules constitute too inflexible a model to account for the influence of the musical experience of the listener and the melodic context in which expectations are elicited. A theory is presented, according to which both bottom-up and top-down descriptions of observed patterns of melodic expectation may be accounted for in terms of the induction of statistical regularities in existing musical repertoires. A computational model that embodies this theory is developed and used to reanalyze existing experimental data on melodic expectancy. The results of three experiments with increasingly complex melodic stimuli demonstrate that this model is capable of accounting for listeners’ expectations as well as or better than the two-factor model of Schellenberg (1997).

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