scholarly journals Sensory Processing in Adult ADHD – A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Schulze ◽  
Silke Lux ◽  
Alexandra Philipsen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Processing Deficits

Abstract BackgroundThe way we perceive our environment is driven by our sensory nervous system and our attentional resources. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. While cognitive and behavior dysfunctions have broadly been investigated, sensory processing has received less scientific attention. It has been shown, that children with ADHD show processing and modulatory deficits in multiple sensory domains, but very few studies examine to what extent these deficits persist in adult life. We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating sensory processing in adult ADHD.Main BodyUsing the keywords ‘ADHD’ and ‘sensory processing’, Web of Science and MEDLINE database were systematically searched for all articles published up to March 2020. 53 studies were included. Mostly, visual and auditory processing are studied, few investigated multisensory audiovisual and somatosensory processing. In summary, adult ADHD is marked by increased sensory gaining and deficient sensory inhibition. These disturbed gaining and inhibitory mechanisms were most prominent in the auditory modality but also visual modality impairment in terms of stimuli modulation were evident. Electrophysiological studies show alterations across all event-related potential (ERP) components associated with distractibility at early components (bottom-up) and inhibition and stimulus discrimination at later components (top-down). Brain imaging studies on sensory processing in ADHD are scarce, few pointing to higher resting state functional connectivity in visual areas and visual crossmodal activation for auditory stimuli. ConclusionSensory processing deficits extent from childhood to adult ADHD. These deficits are mainly driven by higher distractibility by irrelevant stimuli and modulatory impairment for relevant stimuli. In future studies, the relation of impaired bottom-up and top-down attentional mechanisms should be investigated and how they contribute to sensory processing deficits and clinical symptomatology in adult ADHD. This could help to gather more information about the underling processing deficits, so that specific adjusted training can be provided, that helps to overcome deficits in daily life functioning in e.g., not producing appropriate adaptive responses in social settings.Trial registrationN/A

scholarly journals The effects of hip- and ankle-focused exercise intervention on dynamic knee valgus: a systematic review

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11731
Author(s):  
Farhah Nadhirah Aiman Sahabuddin ◽  
Nazatul Izzati Jamaludin ◽  
Nurul Hidayah Amir ◽  
Shazlin Shaharudin
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Knee Valgus ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Limb Injuries ◽  
The Impact

Background A range of non-contact injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament tear, and patellofemoral pain syndrome are caused by disordered knee joint loading from excessive dynamic knee valgus (DKV). Previous systematic reviews showed that DKV could be modified through the influence of hip strength and ankle range of motion. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of exercise intervention which involved either top-down or bottom-up kinetic chains on minimizing DKV in male and female adults and adolescents, with and without existing knee pain. Methodology Electronic searches were conducted in SAGE, Science Direct, SCOPUS, and Pubmed. The search strategy consisted of medical subject headings and free-text search keywords, synonyms and variations of ‘exercise intervention,’ ‘knee alignment,’ ‘dynamic knee valgus’, ‘knee abduction’ that were merged via the Boolean operator ‘AND’ and ‘OR’. The search was conducted on full-text journals that documented the impact of the exercise intervention program involving either the bottom-up or top-down DKV mechanism on the knee kinematics. Furthermore, exercise intervention in this review should last at least one week which included two or three sessions per week. This review also considered both men and women of all ages with a healthy or symptomatic knee problem. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed by Cochrane risk assessment tool. The protocol of this review was registered at PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42021219121). Results Ten studies with a total of 423 participants (male = 22.7%, female = 77.3%; adults = 249, adolescents = 123; pre-adolescent = 51) met the inclusion criteria of this review. Seven studies showed the significant effects of the exercise intervention program (range from two weeks to ten weeks) on reducing DKV. The exercise training in these seven studies focused on muscle groups directly attached to the knee joint such as hamstrings and gastrocnemius. The remaining three studies did not show significant improvement in DKV after the exercise intervention (range between eight weeks to twelve weeks) probably because they focused on trunk and back muscles instead of muscles crossing the knee joint. Conclusion Exercises targeting specific knee-joint muscles, either from top-down or bottom-up kinetic chain, are likely to reduce DKV formation. These results may assist athletes and coaches to develop effective exercise program that could minimize DKV and ultimately prevent lower limb injuries.

Multi-scale predictions distinctively modulate tone perception in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuyin Yang ◽  
Hao Zhu ◽  
Lingfang Yu ◽  
Weihong Lu ◽  
Chen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Weighting Function ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Multiple Timescales ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Auditory Verbal Hallucinations

AbstractsAuditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) are one of the most pronounced symptoms that manifest the underlying mechanisms of deficits in schizophrenia. Cognitive models postulate that malfunctioned source monitoring incorrectly weights the top-down prediction and bottom-up sensory processing and causes hallucinations. Here, we investigate the featural-temporal characteristics of source monitoring in AVHs. Schizophrenia patients with and without AVHs, and healthy controls identified target tones in noise at the end of tone sequences. Predictions of different timescales were manipulated by either an alternating pattern in the preceding tone sequences, or a repetition between the target tone and the tone immediately before. The sensitivity index, d’, was obtained to assess the modulation of predictions on tone identification. We found that patients with AVHs showed higher d’ when the target tones conformed to the long-term regularity of alternating pattern in the preceding tone sequence than that when the targets were inconsistent with the pattern. Whereas, the short-term regularity of repetitions modulated the tone identification in patients without AVHs. Predictions did not influence tone identification in healthy controls. These findings suggest that malfunctioned source monitoring in AVHs heavily weights predictions to form incorrect perception. The weighting function in source monitoring can extend to the process of basic tonal features, and predictions at multiple timescales differentially modulate perception in different clinical populations. These collaboratively reveal the featural and temporal characteristics of weighting function in source monitoring of AVHs and suggest that the malfunctioned interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes might underlie the development of auditory hallucinations.HighlightsMalfunctioned source monitoring incorrectly weights the top-down prediction and bottom-up sensory processing underlie pathogenesis of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia.The weighting function in top-down predictions and bottom-up sensory processing can extend to tonal features.Predictions at multiple timescales differentially modulate perception in different clinical schizophrenia populations.

Representation of affect in sensory cortex

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Miskovic ◽  
Karl Kuntzelman ◽  
Junichi Chikazoe ◽  
Adam K. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
External World ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Affective Influences ◽  
Affective Dimensions ◽  
Physical Dimensions

AbstractContemporary neuroscience suggests that perception is perhaps best understood as a dynamically iterative process that does not honor cleanly segregated “bottom-up” or “top-down” streams. We argue that there is substantial empirical support for the idea that affective influences infiltrate the earliest reaches of sensory processing and even that primitive internal affective dimensions (e.g., goodness-to-badness) are represented alongside physical dimensions of the external world.

Gamma rhythms as liminal operators in sensory processing

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-808
Author(s):  
Miles A. Whittington
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Temporal Domain ◽  
Gamma Rhythms

Gamma rhythms are associated with external and internal sensory processing. Within the conceptual framework of “top-down” and “bottom-up” processing, this suggests that gamma represents a format common to both camps. As these oscillations facilitate communication in the temporal domain, they may represent a mechanism by which top-down and bottom-up processing can interact. A breakdown in this interaction may lead to hallucinations.

scholarly journals Bottom-up sensory processing can decrease activity and functional connectivity in the default mode like network in rats

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rukun Hinz ◽  
Lore M. B. Peeters ◽  
Disha Shah ◽  
Stephan Missault ◽  
Michaël Belloy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Default Mode

AbstractThe default mode network is a large-scale brain network that is active during rest and internally focused states and deactivates as well as desynchronizes during externally oriented (top-down) attention demanding cognitive tasks. However, it is not sufficiently understood if unpredicted salient stimuli, able to trigger bottom-up attentional processes, could also result in similar reduction of activity and functional connectivity in the DMN. In this study, we investigated whether bottom-up sensory processing could influence the default mode like network (DMLN) in rats. DMLN activity was examined using block-design visual functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while its synchronization was investigated by comparing functional connectivity during a resting versus a continuously stimulated brain state by unpredicted light flashes. We demonstrated that activity in DMLN regions was decreased during visual stimulus blocks and increased during blanks. Furthermore, decreased inter-network functional connectivity between the DMLN and visual networks as well as decreased intra-network functional connectivity within the DMLN was observed during the continuous visual stimulation. These results suggest that triggering of bottom-up attention mechanisms in anesthetized rats can lead to a cascade similar to top-down orienting of attention in humans and is able to deactivate and desynchronize the DMLN.

Age-equivalent Top–Down Modulation during Cross-modal Selective Attention

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2827-2839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria J. S. Guerreiro ◽  
Joaquin A. Anguera ◽  
Jyoti Mishra ◽  
Pascal W. M. Van Gerven ◽  
Adam Gazzaley
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Auditory Distraction ◽  
Top Down

Selective attention involves top–down modulation of sensory cortical areas, such that responses to relevant information are enhanced whereas responses to irrelevant information are suppressed. Suppression of irrelevant information, unlike enhancement of relevant information, has been shown to be deficient in aging. Although these attentional mechanisms have been well characterized within the visual modality, little is known about these mechanisms when attention is selectively allocated across sensory modalities. The present EEG study addressed this issue by testing younger and older participants in three different tasks: Participants attended to the visual modality and ignored the auditory modality, attended to the auditory modality and ignored the visual modality, or passively perceived information presented through either modality. We found overall modulation of visual and auditory processing during cross-modal selective attention in both age groups. Top–down modulation of visual processing was observed as a trend toward enhancement of visual information in the setting of auditory distraction, but no significant suppression of visual distraction when auditory information was relevant. Top–down modulation of auditory processing, on the other hand, was observed as suppression of auditory distraction when visual stimuli were relevant, but no significant enhancement of auditory information in the setting of visual distraction. In addition, greater visual enhancement was associated with better recognition of relevant visual information, and greater auditory distractor suppression was associated with a better ability to ignore auditory distraction. There were no age differences in these effects, suggesting that when relevant and irrelevant information are presented through different sensory modalities, selective attention remains intact in older age.

Factors affecting adult ICU’s costs by using the bottom-up and top-down costing methodology in OECD countries: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 103080
Author(s):  
Maria Mastrogianni ◽  
Petros Galanis ◽  
Daphne Kaitelidou ◽  
Evangelos Konstantinou ◽  
George Fildissis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Factors Affecting

scholarly journals Simulation Study on the Spatiotemporal Difference of Complex Neurodynamics between P3a and P3b

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xin Wei ◽  
Xiaoli Ni ◽  
Junye Liu ◽  
Haiyang Lang ◽  
Rui Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Attention Capture ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Single Top ◽  
P300 Potentials

The integration of event-related potential (ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) helps to obtain and study neural networks with high temporal and spatial resolution. EEG/fMRI data proves that in the visual tristimulus oddball paradigm, two P300 potentials (P3a and P3b) induced by target stimulation and novel stimulation are detected at the frontal-middle (Fz), center (Cz), and mid-apical (Pz) electrodes. Previous studies have shown that P3a and P3b have different spatial distributions of brain activation, but it is unclear whether they have the same neural mechanism. The purpose of this study is to determine the neuropsychological mechanisms of P3a and P3b, as well as the spatiotemporal differences in neurodynamics between the two ERP subcomponents. In a group of 25 subjects, P300 ERP induced by target stimulation and novel stimulation can be detected at the Fz, Cz, and Pz electrodes. At Cz and Fz, compared with P3b related to the target stimulus, the P3a related to the novel stimulus has a higher amplitude and the waveform declines more slowly. But at Pz, P3b has a higher amplitude than P3a. P3a appeared earlier than P3b at Cz and Fz, but the opposite phenomenon was observed at the Pz electrode. The activated brain regions of P3a included the left frontal-parietal lobe region, left anterior wedge lobe region, and right insula, while the target-driven P3b was significantly associated with BOLD changes in the bilateral fusiform gyrus, the left frontal region, and the bilateral insula. The results showed that the integration of the spatial and temporal information of the two imaging modes, namely, ERP and fMRI, proves the existence of the different brain function processes of the two P300 subcomponents. Through the analysis of the composition of P300, the results further proved that the top-down and bottom-up processing processes have played a role in the occurrence of attention capture. It is just that the modulation effects of the two processing mechanisms are different in different tasks. Therefore, it should be noted that the captured neural mechanism is not a single top-down or bottom-up processing process but should be the result of the interaction between the two.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of ballet-type and conventional stent graft configurations for endovascular aneurysm repair: A CFD analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Fahmida Ashraf ◽  
Tehmina Ambreen ◽  
Cheol Woo Park ◽  
Dong-ik Kim
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Renal Artery ◽  
Stent Graft ◽  
Endovascular Aneurysm Repair ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Abdominal Aortic ◽  
Aneurysm Repair

PURPOSE: Cross limb stent graft (SG) configuration technique for endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is employed for splayed aortic bifurcations to avoid device kinking and smoothen cannulation. The present study investigates three types of stent graft (SG) configurations for endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) in abdominal aortic aneurysm. A computational fluid dynamic analysis was performed on the pulsatile non-Newtonian flow characteristics in three ideally modeled geometries of abdominal aortic (AA) SG configurations. METHODS: The three planar and crosslimb SG configurations were ideally modeled, namely, top-down nonballet-type, top-down ballet-type, and bottom-up nonballet-type configurations. In top-down SG configuration, most of the device is deployed in the main body in the vicinity of renal artery and the limbs are extended to the iliac artery. While in the bottom-up configuration, some of the SG device is deployed in the main body, the limbs are deployed in aortic bifurcation, and the extra stent graft of the main body is extended to the proximal aorta until the below of the renal artery. The effects of non-Newtonian pulsatile flow on the wall stresses and flow patterns of the three models were investigated and compared. Moreover, the average wall shear stress (AWSS), oscillatory shear stress index (OSI), absolute helicity, pressure distribution, graft displacement and flow visualization plots were analyzed. RESULTS: The top-down ballet-type showed less branch blockage effect than the top-down nonballet-type models. Furthermore, the top-down ballet-type configuration showed an increased tendency to sustain high WSS and higher helicity characteristics than that of the bottom-up and top-down non-ballet type configurations. However, displacement forces of the top-down ballet-type configuration were 40%and 9.6%higher than those of the bottom-up and top-down nonballet-type configurations, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Some complications such as graft tearing, thrombus formation, limb disconnection during long term follow up periods might be relevant to hemodynamic characteristics according to the configurations of EVAR. Hence, the reported data required to be validated with the clinical results.

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