The sensory and affective components of pain

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Benedetti
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Pain Mechanisms ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Affective Component ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Affective Pain ◽  
Affective Components ◽  
Global Pain

Both the sensory and the motivational-affective component of pain must be taken into account in studies on sex differences as well as on neuropathic, postoperative, sympathetic, and visceral pain. In all these cases, therapeutic strategies should be aimed at controlling the peripheral, central, and psychological mechanisms underlying the global pain experience. Similarly, it should be recalled that some neuropeptides act on both sensory and affective pain mechanisms. [berkley; mcmahon; dickenson; coderre & katz; wiesenfeld-hallin et al.; blumberg et al.]

Sex differences in pain

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen J. Berkley
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Pain Mechanisms ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Situational Variables ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Second Sex ◽  
Pain Ratings ◽  
Vaginal Canal

Are there sex differences in pain? For experimentally delivered somatic stimuli, females have lower thresholds, greater ability to discriminate, higher pain ratings, and less tolerance of noxious stimuli than males. These differences, however, are small, exist only for certain forms of stimulation and are affected by many situational variables such as presence of disease, experimental setting, and even nutritive status. For endogenous pains, women report more multiple pains in more body regions than men. With no obvious underlying rationale, some painful diseases are more prevalent among females, others among males and, for many diseases, symptoms differ between females and males. Sex differences in attitudes exist that affect not only reporting, coping, and responses to treatment, but also measurement and treatment. So many variables are operative, however, that the most striking feature of sex differences in reported pain experience is the apparent overall lack of them. On the other hand, deduction from known biological sex differences suggests that these are powerful sex differences in the operation of pain mechanisms. First, the vaginal canal provides an additional route in women for internal trauma and invasion by pathological agents that puts them at greater risk for developing hyperalgesia in multiple body regions. Second, sex differences in temporal patterns are likely to give rise to sex differences in how pain is “learned” and stimuli are interpreted, a situation that could lead to a greater variability and wider range of pains without obvious peripheral pathology among females. Third, sex differences in the actions of sex hormones suggest pain-relevant differences in the operation of many neuroactive agents, opiate and nonopiate systems, nerve growth factor, and the sympathetic system. Thus, while inductive analysis of existing data demonstrate more similarities than differences in pain experience between females and males, deductive analysis suggests important operational sex differences in its production.

Is Retest Bias Biased?

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason G. Randall ◽  
Anton J. Villado ◽  
Christina U. Zimmer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Emotional Stability ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
General Mental Ability ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to test for race and sex differences in general mental ability (GMA) retest performance and to identify the psychological mechanisms underlying these differences. An initial and retest administration of a GMA assessment separated by a six-week span was completed by 318 participants. Contrary to our predictions, we found that race, sex, and emotional stability failed to moderate GMA retest performance. However, GMA assessed via another ability test and conscientiousness both partially explained retest performance. Additionally, we found that retesting may reduce adverse impact ratios by lowering the hiring threshold. Ultimately, our findings reinforce the need for organizations to consider race, sex, ability, and personality when implementing retesting procedures.

scholarly journals Spatial transcriptomics reveals unique molecular fingerprints of human nociceptors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Tavares-Ferreira ◽  
Stephanie Shiers ◽  
Pradipta R. Ray ◽  
Andi Wangzhou ◽  
Vivekanand Jeevakumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Organ Donors ◽  
Drg Neurons ◽  
Pain Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Fingerprints ◽  
Sensory Disorders

AbstractSingle-cell transcriptomics on mouse nociceptors has transformed our understanding of pain mechanisms. Equivalent information from human nociceptors is lacking. We used spatial transcriptomics to molecularly characterize transcriptomes of single dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from 8 organ donors. We identified 10 clusters of human sensory neurons, 6 of which are C nociceptors, 1 Aβ nociceptor, 1 Aδ, and 2 Aβ subtypes. These neuron subtypes have distinct expression profiles from rodents and non-human primates and we identify new markers for each of these subtypes that can be applied broadly in human studies. We also identify sex differences, including a marked increase in CALCA expression in female putative itch nociceptors. Our data open the door to new pain targets and unparalleled molecular characterization of clinical sensory disorders.One Sentence SummaryThree A-fiber mechanoreceptor and seven nociceptor subtypes are identified, revealing sex differences and unique aspects of human DRG neurons.

(123) Visceral Pain Mechanisms: Features of Constant Pain and Genetic Linkage in Chronic Pancreatitis Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. S7
Author(s):  
D. Whitcomb ◽  
J. Saloman ◽  
A. Phillips ◽  
P. Greer ◽  
C. Shelton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pancreatitis ◽  
Genetic Linkage ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Pain Mechanisms ◽  
Constant Pain

scholarly journals Sex differences in brain response to anticipated and experienced visceral pain in healthy subjects

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (8) ◽  
pp. G687-G699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiko Kano ◽  
Adam D. Farmer ◽  
Qasim Aziz ◽  
Vincent P. Giampietro ◽  
Michael J. Brammer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Midcingulate Cortex ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Brain Processing

Women demonstrate higher pain sensitivity and prevalence of chronic visceral pain conditions such as functional gastrointestinal disorders than men. The role of sex differences in the brain processing of visceral pain is still unclear. In 16 male and 16 female healthy subjects we compared personality, anxiety levels, skin conductance response (SCR), and brain processing using functional MRI during anticipation and pain induced by esophageal distension at pain toleration level. There was no significant difference in personality scores, anxiety levels, SCR, and subjective ratings of pain between sexes. In group analysis, both men and women demonstrated a similar pattern of brain activation and deactivation during anticipation and pain consistent with previous reports. However, during anticipation women showed significantly greater activation in the cuneus, precuneus, and supplementary motor area (SMA) and stronger deactivation in the right amygdala and left parahippocampal gyrus, whereas men demonstrated greater activation in the cerebellum. During pain, women demonstrated greater activation in the midcingulate cortex, anterior insula, premotor cortex, and cerebellum and stronger deactivation in the caudate, whereas men showed increased activity in the SMA. The pattern of brain activity suggests that, during anticipation, women may demonstrate stronger limbic inhibition, which is considered to be a cognitive modulation strategy for impending painful stimulation. During pain, women significantly activate brain areas associated with the affective and motivation components of pain. These responses may underlie the sex differences that exist in pain conditions, whereby women may attribute more emotional importance to painful stimuli compared with men.

scholarly journals Examining the Relationships of Cognitive, Affective, and Conative Destination Image: A Research on Safranbolu, Turkey

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umit Basaran
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Destination Image ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Affective Component ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Affective Components ◽  
Positive Word Of Mouth ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Destination image is formed by three distinctly different but hierarchically interrelated components called cognitive, affective, and conative (Gartner, 1993:193). In this context, the main purpose of this research is to confirm the relationships between the cognitive, affective, and conative components of destination image. It also aims to reveal the multidimensional nature of cognitive destination image and determine the dimensions that compose it. Data for the sample was collected from 446 tourists who visited Safranbolu, Turkey. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and hierarchical regression analysis were conducted to test the hypotheses. The results show that the cognitive destination image is a multidimensional construct. Also it is confirmed that destination image is a hierarchical structure within the cognitive, affective, and conative components. The assessment of both the cognitive and the affective components of destination image can be used as a predictor of tourists’ behavioral intentions toward destinations, such as intention to revisit, recommend, and spread positive word of mouth. Moreover, it is revealed that the affective component is influenced by the cognitive component and the affective component also mediates the relationship between the cognitive and conative components. These results provide some theoretical and managerial implications.</p>

Does the medial thalamus play a role in the negative affective component of visceral pain in rats?

2007 ◽  
Vol 420 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-Cheng Wang ◽  
Sin-Chee Chai ◽  
Yen-Sheng Wu ◽  
Chia-Chuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Medial Thalamus ◽  
Affective Component
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