Bilingualism and aging: Reversal of the cognate advantage in older bilingual adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAMANTHA SIYAMBALAPITIYA ◽  
HELEN J. CHENERY ◽  
DAVID A. COPLAND
Keyword(s):  
Older Adult ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Repetition Priming ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Activation Model ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Lexical Decisions ◽  
English Bilingual ◽  
Interactive Activation ◽  
Language Condition

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to investigate cognate/noncognate processing distinctions in young adult bilinguals and examined whether the previously reported cognate facilitation effect would also be demonstrated in older adult bilinguals. Two groups of Italian–English bilingual participants performed lexical decisions in repetition priming experiments. Results for the younger bilinguals corresponded to previous findings, and indicated the expected reaction time advantage for cognates over noncognates. The older bilinguals, however, only demonstrated a cognate advantage in the within-language condition, and in fact, showed faster reaction times for noncognates when repetition was across languages. These findings are interpreted in the context of the revised hierarchical model and the bilingual interactive activation model and in light of findings regarding the effect of aging on language processing.

scholarly journals Is it time to leave behind the Revised Hierarchical Model of bilingual language processing after fifteen years of service?

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARC BRYSBAERT ◽  
WOUTER DUYCK
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Activation Model ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Interactive Activation ◽  
Selective Access

The Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM) of bilingual language processing dominates current thinking on bilingual language processing. Recently, basic tenets of the model have been called into question. First, there is little evidence for separate lexicons. Second, there is little evidence for language selective access. Third, the inclusion of excitatory connections between translation equivalents at the lexical level is likely to impede word recognition. Fourth, the connections between L2 words and their meanings are stronger than proposed in RHM. And finally, there is good evidence to make a distinction between language-dependent and language-independent semantic features. It is argued that the Revised Hierarchical Model cannot easily be adapted to incorporate these challenges and that a more fruitful way forward is to start from existing computational models of monolingual language processing and see how they can be adapted for bilingual input and output, as has been done in the Bilingual Interactive Activation model.

scholarly journals Endogenous orienting in the archer fish

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (29) ◽  
pp. 7577-7581 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Saban ◽  
Liora Sekely ◽  
Raymond M. Klein ◽  
Shai Gabay
Keyword(s):  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Volitional Control ◽  
Reflexive Orienting ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Endogenous Orienting ◽  
Attention Orienting ◽  
Spatial Orienting ◽  
Human Attention ◽  
Human Participants

The literature has long emphasized the neocortex’s role in volitional processes. In this work, we examined endogenous orienting in an evolutionarily older species, the archer fish, which lacks neocortex-like cells. We used Posner’s classic endogenous cuing task, in which a centrally presented, spatially informative cue is followed by a target. The fish responded to the target by shooting a stream of water at it. Interestingly, the fish demonstrated a human-like “volitional” facilitation effect: their reaction times to targets that appeared on the side indicated by the precue were faster than their reaction times to targets on the opposite side. The fish also exhibited inhibition of return, an aftermath of orienting that commonly emerges only in reflexive orienting tasks in human participants. We believe that this pattern demonstrates the acquisition of an arbitrary connection between spatial orienting and a nonspatial feature of a centrally presented stimulus in nonprimate species. In the literature on human attention, orienting in response to such contingencies has been strongly associated with volitional control. We discuss the implications of these results for the evolution of orienting, and for the study of volitional processes in all species, including humans.

Auditory Long term Memory: Repetition Priming of Voice Recognition

1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan R. Schweinberger ◽  
Anja Herholz ◽  
Volker Stief
Keyword(s):  
Repetition Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Voice Recognition ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Person Recognition ◽  
Perceptual Representations

Two experiments examined repetition priming in the recognition of famous voices. In Experiment 1, reaction times for fame decisions to famous voice samples were shorter than in an unprimed condition, when voices were primed by a different voice sample of the same person having been presented in an earlier phase of the experiment. No effect of voice repetition was observed for non-famous voices. In Experiment 2, it was investigated whether this priming effect is voice-specific or whether it is related to post-perceptual processes in person recognition. Recognizing a famous voice was again primed by having earlier heard a different voice sample of that person. Although an earlier exposure to that person's name did not cause any priming, there was some indication of priming following an earlier exposure to that person's face. Finally, earlier exposure to the identical voice sample (as compared to a different voice sample from the same person) caused a considerable bias towards responding “famous”—i.e. performance benefits for famous but costs for nonfamous voices. The findings suggest that (1) repetition priming invoice recognition primarily involves the activation of perceptual representations of voices, and (2) it is important to determine the conditions in which priming causes bias effects that need to be disentangled from performance benefits.

Use of Magnitude-Estimation Scaling for Predicting Hemispheric Processing of Lexical Decisions

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1147-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee W. Ellis ◽  
Joan N. Kaderavek ◽  
Michael P. Rastatter
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Hemispheric Processing ◽  
Lexical Decisions ◽  
Significant Magnitude ◽  
Abstract Words

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and validity of magnitude-estimation scaling as an alternative to a traditional, somewhat more cumbersome reaction-time procedure in the assessment of hemispheric processing asymmetry. Lexical decision vocal reaction times and magnitude-estimation scaling values were obtained for 16 normal subjects to tachistoscopically presented concrete and abstract words. Analysis of variance showed identical interactions of field x stimuli for each dependent variable while all pair-wise correlations between these measures were significant. Magnitude-estimation scaling may be a sensitive measure of visual psychophysical differences in hemispheric processing and may circumvent problems with variance of latencies associated with disordered populations.

Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Lexical Decision-Making

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina R. Hale ◽  
Mark V. Gentry ◽  
Charles J. Meliska
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Smoking Abstinence ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Lexical Decisions ◽  
Nicotine Delivery

10 habitual smokers, aged 19–25 yr., were randomly assigned to smoke either a very low nicotine “Placebo” cigarette (.05-mg nicotine delivery as estimated by the FTC method) or a Nicotine cigarette (.7-mg estimated nicotine delivery). Each participant was asked to abstain from smoking for 4 to 7 hr. prior to testing. After completing a presmoking test of lexical decision-making, participants smoked either a Nicotine or Placebo cigarette and were then retested for reaction times and accuracy on the lexical decision test. When presented the most difficult lexical decisions, participants responded significantly faster after smoking a Nicotine cigarette than they did before smoking; smoking a Placebo cigarette did not affect reaction times. Response accuracy was unaffected by smoking either kind of cigarette. These results suggest that smoking a nicotine cigarette may improve attention or memory retrieval after several hours of smoking abstinence.

scholarly journals Constructing the Mandarin Phonological Network: Novel Syllable Inventory Used to Identify Schematic Segmentation

Complexity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl D. Neergaard ◽  
Chu-Ren Huang
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Network Science ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Syllable Segmentation

The purpose of this study was to construct, measure, and identify a schematic representation of phonological processing in the tonal language Mandarin Chinese through the combination of network science and psycholinguistic tasks. Two phonological association tasks were performed with native Mandarin speakers to identify an optimal phonological annotation system. The first task served to compare two existing syllable inventories and to construct a novel system where either performed poorly. The second task validated the novel syllable inventory. In both tasks, participants were found to manipulate lexical items at each possible syllable location, but preferring to maintain whole syllables while manipulating lexical tone in their search through the mental lexicon. The optimal syllable inventory was then used as the basis of a Mandarin phonological network. Phonological edit distance was used to construct sixteen versions of the same network, which we titled phonological segmentation neighborhoods (PSNs). The sixteen PSNs were representative of every proposal to date of syllable segmentation. Syllable segmentation and whether or not lexical tone was treated as a unit both affected the PSNs’ topologies. Finally, reaction times from the second task were analyzed through a model selection procedure with the goal of identifying which of the sixteen PSNs best accounted for the mental target during the task. The identification of the tonal complex-vowel segmented PSN (C_V_C_T) was indicative of the stimuli characteristics and the choices participants made while searching through the mental lexicon. The analysis revealed that participants were inhibited by greater clustering coefficient (interconnectedness of words according to phonological similarity) and facilitated by lexical frequency. This study illustrates how network science methods add to those of psycholinguistics to give insight into language processing that was not previously attainable.

Fast phonology and the Bimodal Interactive Activation Model

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 764-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Diependaele ◽  
Johannes C. Ziegler ◽  
Jonathan Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Activation Model ◽  
Interactive Activation

Metameric

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-353
Author(s):  
Stéphan Tulkens ◽  
Dominiek Sandra ◽  
Walter Daelemans
Keyword(s):  
User Interfaces ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Activation Model ◽  
Single Model ◽  
Psychological Model ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Interactive Activation

Abstract An oft-cited shortcoming of Interactive Activation as a psychological model of word reading is that it lacks the ability to simultaneously represent words of different lengths. We present an implementation of the Interactive Activation model, which we call Metameric, that can simulate words of different lengths, and show that there is nothing inherent to Interactive Activation which prevents it from simultaneously representing multiple word lengths. We provide an in-depth analysis of which specific factors need to be present, and show that the inclusion of three specific adjustments, all of which have been published in various models before, lead to an Interactive Activation model which is fully capable of representing words of different lengths. Finally, we show that our implementation is fully capable of representing all words between 2 and 11 letters in length from the English Lexicon Project (31, 416 words) in a single model. Our implementation is completely open source, heavily optimized, and includes both command line and graphical user interfaces, but is also agnostic to specific input data or problems. It can therefore be used to simulate a myriad of other models, e.g., models of spoken word recognition. The implementation can be accessed at www.github.com/clips/metameric.

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