The Importance of Environment in Indonesian Language Learning

Stated that environmental education is a joint effort that is consciously organized to teach or attract human attention about how the natural environment functions and how humans can manage and protect it. This education takes place in the practice of seeking creativity and discovery, as well as the exploration of reality without realizing it.

Wheelchair controlled by human brainwave using brain-computer interface system for paralyzed patient

Integrated wheelchair controlled by human brainwave using a brain-computer interface (BCI) system was designed to help disabled people. The invention aims to improve the development of integrated wheelchair using a BCI system, depending on the ability individual brain attention level. An electroencephalography (EEG) device called mindwave mobile plus (MW+) has been employed to obtain the attention value for wheelchair movement, eye blink to change the mode of the wheelchair to move forward (F), to the right (R), backward (B) and to the left (L). Stop mode (S) is selected when doing eyebrow movement as the signal quality value of 26 or 51 is produced. The development of the wheelchair controlled by human brainwave using a BCI system for helping a paralyzed patient shows the efficiency of the brainwave integrated wheelchair and improved using human attention value, eye blink detection and eyebrow movement. Also, analysis of the human attention value in different gender and age category also have been done to improve the accuracy of the brainwave integrated wheelchair. The threshold value for male children is 60, male teenager (70), male adult (40) while for female children is 50, female teenager (50) and female adult (30).

MAGNet: A Camouflage Object Detection Network Simulating The Observation Effect of Magnifier

In recent years, protecting important objects by simulating animal camouflage has been widely used in many fields. Therefore, the Camouflaged Object Detection (COD) technology has emerged. COD is more difficult than traditional target detection techniques because of the high degree of fusion of camouflaged objects with the background. In this paper, we strive to identify camouflaged objects more accurately. Inspired by humans using a magnifier to search for hidden objects in pictures, we propose a COD network that simulates the observation effect of a magnifier, termed Magnifier Network (MAGNet). Specifically, our MAGNet contains two parallel modules, i.e., Ergodic Magnify module (EMM) and Attention Focus module (AFM). The EMM is designed to mimic the magnifying process of a magnifier ergodicing an image, and the AFM is used to perform the observation process in which human attention is highly focused for focusing on a region. The two sets output camouflaged object maps are merged to achieve the effect of simulating the observation of the object by a magnifier. Extensive experiments demonstrate that compared with 14 cutting-edge detection models, the MAGNet can achieve the best comprehensive effect of 8 evaluation indicators on the public COD dataset, and the segmentation accuracy is significantly improved.

A critical eye to breeding potential of the domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) or natural selection vs castration

The article analyze the reproductive potential of uncastrated domestic cats. The notions of the high reproductive capabilities of the species have been refuted, even with provided resources, shelter and human attention. Space and density are not major stressors in a multi-cat indoor group if a high-protein food and inner freedom of individuals are provided. The established natural patterns in its development and the parallel made between other wild felines and human population are evidence of the evolutionary value and genetic potential of the species, which must be assessed and preserved in time. Specific adaptive behavior in female individuals related to indoor life and possibly a way of self-control of reproduction is described

Introduction: Shifting Attention

In recent years, attention has become a matter of increasing public concern. New digital technologies have transformed human attention materially and discursively, reorganizing perceptual practices and inciting debates about them. The essays in this special issue emerged from a set of panels focused on attention at the 4S conference in New Orleans in 2019. They are all, in various ways, concerned with shifts among attention’s many meanings: between payment and care, instinct and agency, or vulnerability and power. Drawing on Science and Technology Studies (STS) sensibilities, these pieces examine how scientific and technical actors are invested in theorizing and capturing attention, while simultaneously engendering new forms of care, resistance, and critique. At a moment where the attention economy appears to be in transformative crisis, this collection maps a set of incipient directions that ask us to pay attention to not only attention itself but also to the many sociotechnical settings where experts and publics are shifting attention’s meaning and value.

From eye to arrow: Attention capture by direct gaze requires more than just the eyes

Human attention is strongly attracted by direct gaze and sudden onset motion. The sudden direct-gaze effect refers to the processing advantage for targets appearing on peripheral faces that suddenly establish eye contact. Here, we investigate the necessity of social information for attention capture by (sudden onset) ostensive cues. Six experiments involving 204 participants applied (1) naturalistic faces, (2) arrows, (3) schematic eyes, (4) naturalistic eyes, or schematic facial configurations (5) without or (6) with head turn to an attention-capture paradigm. Trials started with two stimuli oriented towards the observer and two stimuli pointing into the periphery. Simultaneous to target presentation, one direct stimulus changed to averted and one averted stimulus changed to direct, yielding a 2 × 2 factorial design with direction and motion cues being absent or present. We replicated the (sudden) direct-gaze effect for photographic faces, but found no corresponding effects in Experiments 2–6. Hence, a holistic and socially meaningful facial context seems vital for attention capture by direct gaze. Statement of significance The present study highlights the significance of context information for social attention. Our findings demonstrate that the direct-gaze effect, that is, the prioritization of direct gaze over averted gaze, critically relies on the presentation of a meaningful holistic and naturalistic facial context. This pattern of results is evidence in favor of early effects of surrounding social information on attention capture by direct gaze.

Task Optimization Leads to Human-like Top-down and Bottom-up Attention during Reading Comprehension

Attention is a complex system involving multiple interactive components that jointly regulate information processing in the brain. It has been hypothesized that the computational goal of attention is to optimally integrate information under task demands, and evidence has been provided in relatively simple learning and decision making tasks. It remains unclear, however, whether this hypothesis can explain attention distribution in more complex real-world tasks that engage multiple attention systems. Here, taking advantage of the development of attention mechanisms in deep neural network (DNN) models, we investigate whether human attention during real-world reading comprehension tasks can be explained as a consequence of task optimization. In a goal-directed reading task, participants read a passage to answer a question. Eye tracking results show that the attention on each word, quantified by the fixation time, is modulated by both the top-down reading goal and lower-level visual layout and textual features. When trained to perform the same goal-directed reading task, DNN models yield human-level performance and naturally evolve human-like attention distribution, with deep layers tuned to the reading goal and shallow layers tuned to textual features. Further experiments suggest that different training tasks separately contribute to goal-directed and text-based attention. In summary, the results strongly suggest that human attention can be interpreted as a consequence of task optimization during real-world reading tasks.