IX.—The Bronze Spear-head in Great Britain and Ireland

Archaeologia ◽  
1933 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 187-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Estyn Evans
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
General Analysis ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Bronze Age

Any study of British spear-heads of the Bronze Age must be inspired by, and largely based on, the very valuable pioneer work of Greenwell and Brewis, whose handsomely illustrated paper on ‘The Origin, Evolution and Classification of the Bronze Spear-head in Great Britain and Ireland’ was published in Archaeologia for 1909. Indeed, their general analysis of the subject is so masterly and their conclusions so impressive that the paper has perhaps been allowed to pass too long unchallenged. Relatively little was known, a quarter of a century ago, of the continental material, and the close connexions between Britain and the mainland in late prehistoric times were almost unsuspected. Comparative studies have revealed the widespread interchange of various products and ideas in the European Bronze Age ; and no one would now go so far as to claim, with Greenwell and Brewis, that ‘there can be no doubt whatever that the spear-head in its origin, progress, and final consummation, was an indigenous product of these islands, and was manufactured within their limits apart from any controlling influence from outside’.

Research on the Hungarian Bronze Age since 1936 and the Bronze-Age Settlement at Békés-Várdomb

1956 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 123-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Banner
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The State ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
At Home

The state of current knowledge on the Bronze Age in Hungary, was summed up twenty years ago by Dr Francis Tompa, who had by then written several shorter studies on the subject, and had excavated a number of cemeteries and settlements. His summary defined the modern approach to the Bronze Age in Hungary though his conclusions have since been modified in detail by later explorers. How fruitful his work proved to be was shown by the interest of critics abroad and by the fact that research at home took a sudden upward swing.A few years later Dr Paul Patay published a study in which he came to somewhat different conclusions on the chronology of the Early Bronze Age; he also gave a detailed account of the various cultures that must have shaped the course of the Bronze Age in Hungary and in this he was substantially in agreement with Dr Francis Tompa.Dr Amelia Mozsolics dealt with chronological problems of the Bronze Age in Hungary, but had not yet reached satisfactory newer conclusions. Her paper was published only in Hungarian. She presented a useful summary of the history of her subject, and at the same time sharply criticized the views held by foreign and Hungarian experts on the Bronze Age.

The Early Bronze Age Flint Dagger in England and Wales

1932 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Grimes
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Simple Leaf ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Very High

The chronology of the flint dagger which is the subject of the present paper has been discussed by R. A. Smith, who established the date of the type in the first phase of the Bronze Age, the period to which it had already been assigned by Montelius. A summary ot the list made by Mr. Smith is given in Appendix II below (p. 354-5); the few examples recorded with datable associations since 1919 bring the total up to 26.Sir John Evans's description, adopted by Mr. Smith, gives the length and breadth of the type as varying generally between 5 and 7 ins. and 1½ to 2½ ins. respectively, although both larger and smaller examples occur. The blades are thin in proportion to their length, and lanceolate in outline, although in this respect there is a certain amount of variation. Both faces are flaked, and the working is generally of a very high character. In some cases major excrescences have been reduced by grinding.Some typological development may be observed in the forms, although this cannot be compared with the elaborate evolution of the well-known Scandinavian series (below, p. 350). The changes take place in the butt. The earliest form typoiogically speaking, would seem to be a simple leaf-shaped blade, the widest part of which is approximately at the middle. There is no distinction between blade and tang or handle, and the latter is generally rounded off. Such daggers as the Green Low, Alsop Moor (Appendix I, no. 27, and fig. 1), and Acklam Wold (126) examples represent this form. It is not always easy to decide, however, whether other blades approximating to this shape represent a so-called prototype, and care has also to be taken to differentiate surface-found laurel-leaf blades of Solutrean age, although these are more usually pointed at both ends.

A Circular Debate: Rock Carvings at Knarrbyn, Dalsland, Sweden

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
John Coles
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Landscape Assessment ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Alternative Concept ◽  
Southern Scandinavia ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
General Opinion ◽  
The Bronze Age

The rock carvings at Knarrbyn in Dalsland, Sweden, lie high on a rocky ridge and consist almost entirely of multiple circles in various groups. In both location and imagery the panels at Knarrbyn provide a contrast with the varied figurative images on a majority of large rock carving sites of the Bronze Age in southern Scandinavia, which are mostly set low and near the contemporary seas. The paper aims to explore both shape and place of the Knarrbyn discs, with new recordings and landscape assessment. In contrast to the general opinion that Bronze Age carvings of circles had some close relationship to concepts of the sun, the Knarrbyn discs, by their unusual internal shaping and their position here on the high rocks, offer an alternative concept, that these particular carvings had close physical and ideological relationships with Bronze Age burial cairns in this isolated part of Dalsland. These and other late prehistoric monuments are mapped in the paper and include several previously unrecorded sites on the Knarrbyn ridge. The precise landscape location of the carving sites suggests they were part of a sacred passage in the Bronze Age, leading southwards to the major cemetery and rock carving sites at Tisselskog; such a passage may have foreshadowed and influenced the emergence and orientation of thePilgrimsledenthat traversed the same landscape some 2000 years later.

scholarly journals A Gripping Tail: Re-interpreting the Archaic Potnia Theron Schema

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Emily Simons
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Greek Religion ◽  
Early Archaic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Bronze Age

<p>The Archaic Potnia Theron schema depicts a central female figure grasping an animal in each hand. She is often associated with the goddess Artemis. Yet, evidence from the early Archaic period indicates that she was not yet associated with the goddess. The identity of the schema has been the subject of a number of studies, and the connection of the figure with Artemis is well ingrained in scholarship. The identification of the figure as Artemis relies heavily on a brief description from Pausanias’s Perigesis, and the epithet Ποτνία Θηρῶν given to Artemis once in the Iliad (Hom. Il. 21.470). Furthermore, the image was later attributed to the goddess Artemis on account of her affiliations to wild animals. However, this thesis investigates the identification of the figure and examines the evidence (or lack thereof) for the attribution of the figure to Artemis in the Archaic period.  Chapter One will investigate the Potnia Theron schema and its use in the Bronze Age. It will consider the possible contribution that the Bronze Age schema may have had on the image in the Archaic period, acknowledging possible influence from the Near East. It will also discuss problems with Archaic source material, the fluidity of Archaic Greek religion, and the characteristics of the Archaic Potnia Theron schema. Chapter Two will analyse the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia in Sparta as the main case study for the use of the Archaic schema in a sanctuary context. The chronology at the site, and its examples of the schema make it particularly useful for this investigation. Chapter Three will follow with an analysis of the schema on items lacking contexts, as it was used for decorative purposes on vases, jewelry, and plaques. Finally, Chapter Four will examine the role of Artemis, how the Potnia Theron pose has since been interpreted to represent the goddess. This thesis will determine when the schema became associated with Artemis and investigate evidence for its use prior to this association.</p>

Beacon on the Ridge. Rock Carvings at Kasen Lövåsen, Bohuslän, Sweden

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 319-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Coles
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
And Sea Level

This paper discusses the rock carvings at Kasen Lövåsen, a site which now lies 5 km inland but, during the Bronze Age, looked out over a sea in process of withdrawal by the isostatic rise of the land. The site carries eight panels of carvings that have been the subject of several surveys and descriptions. Recent work has clarified the nature of some of these and revealed more. Carvings include discs, numerous boats, human figures (some explicitly male), including helmeted individuals, spear and swordsmen and paddle or torchbearers, duck figures, boots, dog-like creatures, and horse-riders. Composition and siting are discussed in relation to the quality and preservation of carving, dating, and to aspects of topography, communication routes, and sea level recession. The reasons and mechanisms behind transformations in the imagery are explored in terms of changing social symbolism and ideology in response to a rapidly changing land- and seascape.

scholarly journals Depictions of Shoeprints in Northwest Portugal

Heritage ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
José Moreira ◽  
Ana Bettencourt
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Northern Portugal ◽  
Figurative Art ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
The Bronze Age

From the end of the 3rd millennium and the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE, new motifs appear in Northwest Portugal. This corresponds to what one of the authors has called Figurative Art. The engravings of human feet—barefoot or with shoes—fall within this new “style”. This motif is not well known in Northern Portugal, although it has recently been the subject of a synthesis study on the Atlantic façade of this region. Starting from an inventory work, contextualising the several scales of analysis and the theoretical posture that knowledge is simultaneously cumulative and interpretative, this text reveals the shoeprints existing in Northwest Portugal and the interpretations that have been made about them. Currently there are 81 shoeprints in the region, distributed on 18 outcrops, in 17 different sites. This study has made it possible to create two typological subgroups, namely shoeprints with simple soles and with sole and heel. Within each group it was possible to perceive the existence of places with only one or few shoeprints, versus places with many shoeprints and that there are shoeprints of different dimensions and different orientations. The analysis of this data has made it possible to hypothesise that the engraving of these motifs may have arisen at the end of the Chalcolithic, beginning of the Bronze Age, reaching its peak during the latter period and ending at the beginning of the Iron Age. It is also hypothesised that they represent different age groups and that they may relate to pilgrimages or trips that formed part of rites of passage to adulthood, probably of individuals of higher status within a hierarchised society and which occurred at certain times of year, especially during the summer.

The Later Bronze Age in Ireland in the light of recent research

1964 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 268-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Eogan
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Early Late ◽  
The Bronze Age

The term ‘Later Bronze Age’ is being used in this paper to cover that period of the Bronze Age in Ireland that started around 1200 B.C. and continued on until supplanted by iron-using cultures during the second half of the first millennium B.C. This term provides a means of escaping from the nomenclature that is applied to the period covering the last two centuries of the second millennium B.C. and the beginning of the first millennium B.C., a phase considered by some as a late Middle Bronze Age and by others as an early Late Bronze Age. Here both terms are being avoided and the period is called the ‘Bishopsland Phase’. This is followed by the ‘Roscommon Phase’ of roughly the 9th and a large part of the 8th centuries B.C. Finally comes the ‘Dowris Phase’. It is hoped that this new terminology will allow the Irish material to be more readily incorporated in any future overall scheme for the Bronze Age in Great Britain and Ireland. The Middle Bronze Age in Ireland is here restricted to cover approximately the 14th and 13th centuries B.C.

scholarly journals Dictionary-Based Classification of Tweets About Environment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Cameletti ◽  
Silvia Fabris ◽  
Stephan Schlosser ◽  
Daniele Toninelli
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Unstructured Data ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Specific Topic ◽  
Social Accounts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract In the era of social media, the huge availability of digital data (e.g. posts sent through social networks or unstructured data scraped from websites) allows to develop new types of research in a wide range of fields. These types of data are characterized by some advantages such as reduced collection costs, short retrieval times and production of almost real-time outputs. Nevertheless, their collection and analysis can be challenging. For example, particular approaches are required for the selection of posts related to specific topics; moreover, retrieving the information we are interested in inside Twitter posts can be a difficult task.The main aim of this paper is to propose an unsupervised dictionary-based method to filter tweets related to a specific topic, i.e. environment. We start from the tweets sent by a selection of Official Social Accounts clearly linked with the subject of interest. Then, a list of keywords is identified in order to set a topic-oriented dictionary. We test the performance of our method by applying the dictionary to more than 54 million geolocated tweets posted in Great Britain between January and May 2019.

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