scholarly journals A reassessment of frequency and vocabulary size in L2 vocabulary teaching

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 484-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Schmitt ◽  
Diane Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Lexical Resources ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Authentic Texts ◽  
Word Families ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
English Usage ◽  
Graded Readers ◽  
L2 Vocabulary

The high-frequency vocabulary of English has traditionally been thought to consist of the 2,000 most frequent word families, and low-frequency vocabulary as that beyond the 10,000 frequency level. This paper argues that these boundaries should be reassessed on pedagogic grounds. Based on a number of perspectives (including frequency and acquisition studies, the amount of vocabulary necessary for English usage, the range of graded readers, and dictionary defining vocabulary), we argue that high-frequency English vocabulary should include the most frequent 3,000 word families. We also propose that the low-frequency vocabulary boundary should be lowered to the 9,000 level, on the basis that 8–9,000 word families are sufficient to provide the lexical resources necessary to be able to read a wide range of authentic texts (Nation 2006). We label the vocabulary between high-frequency (3,000) and low-frequency (9,000+) as mid-frequency vocabulary. We illustrate the necessity of mid-frequency vocabulary for proficient language use, and make some initial suggestions for research addressing the pedagogical challenge raised by mid-frequency vocabulary.

Deliberate Learning Of Second Language (L2) Vocabulary: Research-Based Guidelines

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Syarifuddin .
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Vocabulary Learning ◽  
Word List ◽  
Word Knowledge ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Spoken Discourse ◽  
Word Families ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Deliberate Learning ◽  
L2 Vocabulary

<p>This article is devoted to overviewing several current studies on L2 vocabulary learning, especially those aimed at investigating and exploring the ways in which deliberate vocabulary learning would be best facilitated, and thus would increase learning. It is argued that knowledge of vocabulary is fundamental in all language use, and becomes an essential part to master second language. A large amount of vocabulary is required to use English both receptively and productively: 8000 – 9000 word families needed in order to adequately comprehend a wide range of written discourse (Nation, 2006), and 2000 – 3000 word families required to get sufficient comprehension of spoken discourse (van Zeeland &amp; Schmitt, 2012). Knowing a lexical item entails several aspects of word knowledge i.e., form, meaning, and use, each of which is further comprised of several sub-aspects of word knowledge. In addition, vocabulary learning is incremental in nature. Taken all these into account, there should be a component of deliberate vocabulary learning in language teaching, regardless of the preferred teaching methods being applied. Most importantly, deliberate learning of vocabulary should be intensively focused on lexical items which fall into both the new GSL word list (Brezina &amp; Gablasova, 2015) and the new AWL word list (Coxhead, 2000). Finally, reviewing current studies on L2 vocabulary learning results in several research-based guidelines for deliberate or intentional vocabulary learning which are discussed throughout the rest of this article.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong><em>vocabulary learning, vocabulary size, word knowledge, high-frequency words, academic words, deliberately-learning-vocabulary guidelines</em><em> <strong></strong></em></p>

A Geometric Parametric Analysis of a Magnetorheological Engine Mount

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Anderson ◽  
Constantine Ciocanel ◽  
Mohammad Elahinia
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Variable Stiffness ◽  
Small Displacement ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Mr Fluid ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Engine Mount ◽  
Vehicle Technology

Engine vibration has caused a great deal of research for isolation to be performed. Traditionally, isolation was achieved through the use of pure elastomeric (rubber) mounts. However, with advances in vehicle technology, these types of mounts have become inadequate. The inadequacy stems from the vibration profile associated with the engine, i.e. high displacement at low frequency and small displacement at high frequency. Ideal isolation would be achieved through a stiff mount for low frequency and a soft mount for high frequency. This is contradictory to the performance of the elastomeric mounts. Hydraulic mounts were then developed to address this problem. A hydraulic mount has variable stiffness and damping due to the use of a decoupler and an inertia track. However, further advances in vehicle technology have rendered these mounts inadequate as well. Examples of these advances are hybridization (electric and hydraulic) and cylinder on demand (VCM, MDS & ACC). With these technologies, the vibration excitation has a significantly different profile, occurs over a wide range of frequencies, and calls for a new technology that can address this need. Magnetorheological (MR) fluid is a smart material that is able to change viscosity in the presence of a magnetic field. With the use of MR fluid, variable damping and stiffness can be achieved. An MR mount has been developed and tested. The performance of the mount depends on the geometry of the rubber part as well as the behavior of the MR fluid. The rubber top of the mount is the topic of this study due to its major impact on the isolation characteristics of the MR mount. To develop a design methodology to address the isolation needs of different hybrid vehicles, a geometric parametric finite element analysis has been completed and presented in this paper.

CLASSICAL-LIKE RESONANCE INDUCED BY NOISE IN A FITZHUGH–NAGUMO NEURON MODEL

1999 ◽  
Vol 09 (12) ◽  
pp. 2295-2303 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. RIPOLL MASSANÉS ◽  
C. J. PÉREZ VICENTE
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Interspike Interval ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Resonance Phenomenon ◽  
Characteristic Time Scale ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Interspike Interval Distribution ◽  
Stochastic Resonance Phenomenon ◽  
Interval Distribution

We have studied the stochastic behavior of Fitzhugh–Nagumo neuron-like model (FN) induced by subthreshold external stimuli. Our analysis based on three standard measures: the power spectrum, interspike interval distribution (ISI) and autocorrelation function shows that it is possible to define a characteristic time scale which can be identified in the response of the system for a wide range of frequencies. In contrast to previous studies we have focused our attention on high frequency signals which could be of interest for real systems such as nervous fibers in the auditory system. We report behaviors which resemble those of classical deterministic oscillators but never the stochastic resonance phenomenon typical of low frequency signals.

scholarly journals Word Roots in English: Learning English Words through Form and Meaning Similarity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Zheng Wei
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
English Language ◽  
Vocabulary Learning ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Word List ◽  
Word Families ◽  
Frequency Criterion ◽  
Etymological Dictionary ◽  
Two Stages

<p>The research first proposes a vocabulary learning technique: the word part technique, and then tests its effectiveness in aiding vocabulary learning and retention. The first part of the thesis centers around the idea that the knowledge of the first 2000 words language learners already possess may give them easier access to words of other frequency levels because the root parts of the low frequency new words share form and meaning similarities with the high frequency known words. The research addresses the issue at two stages: to quantify the information concerning the number of words able to be accessed through the analysis of the word roots, and to analyze the pedagogical usefulness of the accessible words. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language (Klein, 1966) was used as the source to show the possible formal and meaning connections among words. All the words in the first 2000 word list were first looked up individually and all the cognates provided under each of these words were collected and placed under each of the high frequency words if they meet the requirement that their roots share more than one letter and/or more than one phoneme with the roots of the first 2000 known words. After the data was roughly gathered, three criteria were applied to filter the data, namely, the frequency criterion, the meaning criterion and form criterion. In applying the frequency criterion, words with frequency levels lower than the tenth thousand were removed from the data. In applying the meaning criterion, hints were given to show the semantic relations between the higher frequency words and the first 2000 thousand words. The hints were then rated on the scale for measuring meaning transparency. Words that were rated at level 5 on the scale were considered inaccessible; words that were rated at levels 1, 2a, 2b, 2c, and 3a were considered easy to access. In applying the form criterion, calculations were done for each semantically accessible word to show their phonological similarity and orthographic similarity in relation to the known word. The words whose phonological or orthographical similarity scores were larger than 0.5 were considered to be phonologically or orthographically easy to access. Finally the "find" function of Microsoft Word was used to check the data by picking up any words that might have been missed in the first round of data gathering. The above procedures resulted in 2156 word families that are able to be accessed through the meaning and form relations with the first 2000 words in their root parts. Among the 2156 word families, 739 can be accessed easily and are therefore more pedagogically useful and 259 can be accessed, but with difficulty. 21 pedagogically useful form constants were selected because they can give access to more unknown lower frequency words than other form constants. In the second part of the thesis, an experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of the word part technique in comparison with the keyword technique and self-strategy learning. The results show that with the experienced Chinese EFL learners, the keyword technique is slightly inferior to the word part technique and the self-strategy learning.</p>

Nonword repetition and levels of abstraction in phonological knowledge

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Munson
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Restriction Of Range

Susan Gathercole's Keynote Article (2006) is an impressive summary of the literature on nonword repetition and its relationship to word learning and vocabulary size. When considering research by Mary Beckman, Jan Edwards, and myself, Gathercole speculates that our finding of a stronger relationship between vocabulary measures and repetition accuracy for low-frequency sequences than for high-frequency sequences is due to differences in the range of the two measures. In our work on diphone repetition (e.g., Edwards, Beckman, & Munson, 2004; Munson, Edwards, & Beckman, 2005) we tried to increase the range in our dependent measures by coding errors on a finer grained scale than simple correct/incorrect scoring would allow. Moreover, restriction of range does not appear to be the driving factor in the relationship between vocabulary size and the difference between high- and low-frequency sequence repetition accuracy (what we call the frequency effect) in at least one of our studies (Munson et al., 2005). When the children with the 50 lowest mean accuracy scores for high-frequency sequences were examined, vocabulary size accounted for 10.5% of the variance in the frequency effect beyond what was accounted for by chronological age. When the 50 children with the highest mean accuracy scores for high-frequency sequences were examined (a group in which the range of high-frequency accuracy scores was more compressed, arguably reflecting ceiling effects), an estimate of vocabulary size accounted for only 6.9% of the frequency effect beyond chronological age. The associated β coefficient was significant only at the α<0.08 level. This is the opposite pattern than Gathercole's argument would predict.

Effects of Response Range in Frequency Judgments of Common versus Uncommon Events

1996 ◽  
Vol 82 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1371-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimihiko Yamagishi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Frequency Estimation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Social Facts ◽  
Frequency Judgments ◽  
Response Range ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wide Condition

Frequency estimation of social facts was compared between two methods of response elicitation. In the “narrow range” method, respondents answered questions like: “Out of 100 instances, how many instances belong to category X?”. In the “wide range” method, the same question was asked regarding “Out of 10,000.” A previous study in 1994 showed that judged frequencies were proportionally greater in the narrow condition than in the wide condition when subjects estimated the occurrence of low-frequency events. These results were interpreted to reflect cognitive processes of anchoring, wherein judged frequencies he close to small numbers within particular response ranges. The current work extends this argument to high-frequency events. In such cases, judgments about high-frequency events would be reached by similar cognitive processes operating toward the opposite direction. Hence, I predicted that judged frequencies for high-frequency events would be proportionally greater in the wide than in the narrow condition. Results were mostly consistent with these predictions. The relation to previous research is discussed.

Spatial Scale Interactions and Visual-Tracking Performance

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1047-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard C Hughes ◽  
David M Aronchick ◽  
Michael D Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
High Spatial Frequency ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
High Frequency Component ◽  
Stimulus Velocity ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Wide Range

It has previously been observed that low spatial frequencies (≤ 1.0 cycles deg−1) tend to dominate high spatial frequencies (≥ 5.0 cycles deg−1) in several types of visual-information-processing tasks. This earlier work employed reaction times as the primary performance measure and the present experiments address the possibility of low-frequency dominance by evaluating visually guided performance of a completely different response system: the control of slow-pursuit eye movements. Slow-pursuit gains (eye velocity/stimulus velocity) were obtained while observers attempted to track the motion of a sine-wave grating. The drifting gratings were presented on three types of background: a uniform background, a background consisting of a stationary grating, or a flickering background. Low-frequency dominance was evident over a wide range of velocities, in that a stationary high-frequency component produced little disruption in the pursuit of a drifting low spatial frequency, but a stationary low frequency interfered substantially with the tracking of a moving high spatial frequency. Pursuit was unaffected by temporal modulation of the background, suggesting that these effects are due to the spatial characteristics of the stationary grating. Similar asymmetries were observed with respect to the stability of fixation: active fixation was less stable in the presence of a drifting low frequency than in the presence of a drifting high frequency.

scholarly journals Investigation of Flow Around a Slender Body at High Angles of Attack

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Ibraheem AlQadi Ibraheem AlQadi
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Body ◽  
Slender Body ◽  
Frequency Mode ◽  
Dynamic Mode ◽  
High Frequency Mode ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Frequency Mode ◽  
High Angles Of Attack

A numerical investigation of flow around a slender body at high angles of attack is presented. Large eddy simulation of the flow around an ogive-cylinder body at high angles of attack is carried out. Asymmetric vortex flow was observed at angles of attack of α = 55◦ and 65◦ . The results showed that the phenomenon is present in the absence of artificial geometrical or flow perturbation. Contrary to the accepted notion that flow asymmetry is due to a convective instability, the development of vortex asymmetry in the absence of perturbations indicates the existence of absolute instability. An investigation of the unsteady flow field was carried out using dynamic mode decomposition. The analysis identified two distinct unsteady modes; high-frequency mode and low-frequency mode. At angle of attack 45◦ the high-frequency mode is dominant in the frontal part of the body and the low-frequency mode is dominant at the rear part. At α = 55◦ , the highfrequency mode is dominant downstream of vortex breakdown. At α = 65◦ , the spectrum shows a wide range of modes. Reconstruction of the dynamical modes shows that the low-frequency mode is associated with the unsteady wake and the high-frequency mode is associated with unsteady shear layer.

scholarly journals Word Roots in English: Learning English Words through Form and Meaning Similarity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Zheng Wei
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
English Language ◽  
Vocabulary Learning ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Word List ◽  
Word Families ◽  
Frequency Criterion ◽  
Etymological Dictionary ◽  
Two Stages

<p>The research first proposes a vocabulary learning technique: the word part technique, and then tests its effectiveness in aiding vocabulary learning and retention. The first part of the thesis centers around the idea that the knowledge of the first 2000 words language learners already possess may give them easier access to words of other frequency levels because the root parts of the low frequency new words share form and meaning similarities with the high frequency known words. The research addresses the issue at two stages: to quantify the information concerning the number of words able to be accessed through the analysis of the word roots, and to analyze the pedagogical usefulness of the accessible words. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language (Klein, 1966) was used as the source to show the possible formal and meaning connections among words. All the words in the first 2000 word list were first looked up individually and all the cognates provided under each of these words were collected and placed under each of the high frequency words if they meet the requirement that their roots share more than one letter and/or more than one phoneme with the roots of the first 2000 known words. After the data was roughly gathered, three criteria were applied to filter the data, namely, the frequency criterion, the meaning criterion and form criterion. In applying the frequency criterion, words with frequency levels lower than the tenth thousand were removed from the data. In applying the meaning criterion, hints were given to show the semantic relations between the higher frequency words and the first 2000 thousand words. The hints were then rated on the scale for measuring meaning transparency. Words that were rated at level 5 on the scale were considered inaccessible; words that were rated at levels 1, 2a, 2b, 2c, and 3a were considered easy to access. In applying the form criterion, calculations were done for each semantically accessible word to show their phonological similarity and orthographic similarity in relation to the known word. The words whose phonological or orthographical similarity scores were larger than 0.5 were considered to be phonologically or orthographically easy to access. Finally the "find" function of Microsoft Word was used to check the data by picking up any words that might have been missed in the first round of data gathering. The above procedures resulted in 2156 word families that are able to be accessed through the meaning and form relations with the first 2000 words in their root parts. Among the 2156 word families, 739 can be accessed easily and are therefore more pedagogically useful and 259 can be accessed, but with difficulty. 21 pedagogically useful form constants were selected because they can give access to more unknown lower frequency words than other form constants. In the second part of the thesis, an experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of the word part technique in comparison with the keyword technique and self-strategy learning. The results show that with the experienced Chinese EFL learners, the keyword technique is slightly inferior to the word part technique and the self-strategy learning.</p>

scholarly journals MEMS energy harvesters with a wide bandwidth for low frequency vibrations

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nuh Sadi Yuksek
Keyword(s):  
Resonance Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Maximum Output Power ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Wide Bandwidth ◽  
Electromagnetic Power ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Load Resistor

We have designed and built macro-scale wideband electrostatic and electromagnetic power harvesters for low frequency vibration. Initially, MEMS capacitive plates for power harvesting have been designed, modeled and fabricated, and characterized. It was designed with a 2 x 2 mm2 movable metallic plate with a thickness of 10 [mu]m suspended by four straight beams above a fixed electrode with a gap of 10 [mu]m to form a variable capacitor. The suspension beams are made with a width, thickness and total length of 20 [mu]m, 10 [mu]m and 1500 [mu]m, respectively. It was found that the single cavity device can harvest almost 180 nW peak power across a 100 k[omega] load resistor at 5g. The harvested power was dependent on excitation amplitude and supplied DC voltage. The MEMS capacitive energy harvester was integrated with two impact oscillators at 18 Hz and 25 Hz for transferring energy from low frequency structural vibration with varying mechanical spectra to high frequency vibration of a high resonance frequency cantilever at 605 Hz. The results demonstrate that the device was able to harvest power on a wide range from 14 to 39 Hz at 1g excitation. The harvested power was 96 nW on a 100 k[omega] load resistor. We also studied a macro-scale electromagnetic power harvester with multi-impact oscillations to achieve a broad bandwidth at low frequency vibrations. The device consists of three low frequency cantilever designed to resonate at 12 Hz, 19 Hz and 40 Hz, a high frequency cantilever with resonance frequency of 210 Hz and a pick-up coil fixed at the tip of the high frequency cantilever. This results in a wide bandwidth response from 11-62 Hz at 1 g. A maximum output power of 23.5 [mu]W can be harvested at 1 g acceleration on an optimum load resistor of 22 [omega].

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