Vibration Energy Harvesting by Means of Piezoelectric Patches: Application to Aircrafts

Vibration energy harvesters in industrial applications usually take the form of cantilever oscillators covered by a layer of piezoelectric material and exploit the resonance phenomenon to improve the generated power. In many aeronautical applications, the installation of cantilever harvesters is not possible owing to the lack of room and/or safety and durability requirements. In these cases, strain piezoelectric harvesters can be adopted, which directly exploit the strain of a vibrating aeronautic component. In this research, a mathematical model of a vibrating slat is developed with the modal superposition approach and is coupled with the model of a piezo-electric patch directly bonded to the slat. The coupled model makes it possible to calculate the power generated by the strain harvester in the presence of the broad-band excitation typical of the aeronautic environment. The optimal position of the piezoelectric patch along the slat length is discussed in relation with the modes of vibration of the slat. Finally, the performance of the strain piezoelectric harvester is compared with the one of a cantilever harvester tuned to the frequency of the most excited slat mode.

A Study on the Harmonic Resonance during Energizing Primary Restorative Transmission Systems: Korean Power System Case

In this paper, a power system restoration study following a massive or complete blackout was performed. The power system restoration process from a complete shutdown system without the operating generation and load starts with energizing primary restorative transmission systems. During this primary restoration process, unexpected over-voltage may occur due to nonlinear interaction between the unloaded transformer and the transmission system. This is known as the harmonic resonance phenomenon that may cause the burning out of a transformer or other devices. So far, harmonic resonances have been reported in some extra-high voltage systems around the world. Since the harmonic resonance originates from the nonlinear characteristics of the power system components, it is very difficult to predict the occurrence of this phenomenon. This paper reports the analyses of the harmonic resonance that can occur in the Korean power system. In addition, through calculating the required buffer load compared to the length of the line, a solution that changes the length of the restoration path impedance considering the specificity of the Korean system was presented. The various analyses of harmonic overvoltage, including methodologies that are used internationally as comparison groups, are provided based on PSCAD/EMTDC simulations.

CONTROLLING THE PARAMETRIC ROLL OF A CONTAINER SHIP MODEL BY CHANGING THE HEADING ANGLE

Parametric roll on ships is an auto-parametric resonance phenomenon whose onset causes a sudden rise in roll oscillations leading to dangerous situations for the ship, the cargo and the crew. In the paper, we have numerically investigated the effect of modifying the heading angle on the roll amplitudes. We followed three strategies. In the first, we allowed the heading angle to decrease with a constant angular acceleration so that the encounter frequency has left the dangerous region of the resonance. However, this option involves changing the course of the ship in the long run, which is of course a shortcoming. In the second strategy, we changed the heading angle up and down around an average value that generates large roll amplitudes, by using different periodic sinusoidal or triangular profiles. The beneficial effect of this action is to keep the course, even if at the cost of a momentary delay. We noticed that both control techniques listed above generally managed to significantly reduce the roll amplitudes if certain thresholds have been exceeded. As a last idea for decreasing the parametric roll amplitudes, we used the combined effect of ship forward speed and heading angle change.

Sensitivity analysis for automotive EMC measurements using quasistatic Darwin model

Purpose The purpose of this paper is performing a global sensitivity analysis for automotive electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measurements related to the CISPR 25 setup in order to examine the effect of the setup uncertainties on the resonance phenomenon. Design/methodology/approach An integral equation formulation is combined with Darwin model and special Green’s functions to model the configuration. The method of Sobol’ indices is used to gain sensitivity factors enhanced with a polynomial chaos metamodel. Findings The proposed model resulted in by orders of magnitude lower number of degrees of freedom and runtime compared to popular numerical methods, e.g. finite element method. The result of the sensitivity study is in good agreement with the underlying physical phenomena and improves the understanding of the resonances. Practical implications The fast model supplemented by the sensitivity factors can be used in EMC design and optimization. Originality/value The proposed method is original in the sense of combining a polynomial chaos metamodel with a low-cost integral equation model to reduce the computational demand for the sensitivity study.

CFD SIMULATION OF MOTION RESPONSES OF A TRIMARAN IN REGULAR HEAD WAVES

CFD has proved to be an effective method in solving unsteady Reynolds–Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for analysing ships in free surface viscous flow. The research reported in this paper is intended to develop a better understanding of the parameters influencing high-speed trimaran motions responses. Variations of gridding system and time step have been investigated and reliability analysis was performed in solving the RANS equations. Different turbulence models were investigated, and the SST Menter K Omega turbulence model proved a more accurate model than Realizable K-epsilon model. In order to validate the CFD method, the results of the motions response of a high- speed trimaran are compared against a set of experimental and numerical results from a 1.6 m trimaran model tested in various head seas conditions. The results suggest that CFD offers a reliable method for predicting pitch and heave motions of trimarans in regular head waves when compared to traditional low speed strip theory methods. Unlike strip theory, the effect of breaking waves, hull shape above waterline and green seas are considered in CFD application. A wave resonance phenomenon was observed and wave deformation as a result of wave-current-wind interaction in CFD was identified as the main source of discrepancy. The results from this work form the basis for future analysis of trimaran motions in oblique seas for developing a better understanding of the parameters influencing the seakeeping response, as well as passenger comfort.

Diagnosis of Bone Mineral Density Based on Backscattering Resonance Phenomenon Using Coregistered Functional Laser Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Probes

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) machines based on bone mineral density (BMD) represent the gold standard for osteoporosis diagnosis and assessment of fracture risk, but bone strength and toughness are strongly correlated with bone collagen content (CC). Early detection of osteoporosis combined with BMD and CC will provide improved predictability for avoiding fracture risk. The backscattering resonance (BR) phenomenon is present in both ultrasound (US) and photoacoustic (PA) signal transmissions through bone, and the peak frequencies of BR can be changed with BM and CC. This phenomenon can be explained by the formation of standing waves within the pores. Simulations were then conducted for the same bone µCT images and the resulting resonance frequencies were found to match those predicted using the standing wave hypothesis. Experiments were performed on the same bone sample using an 808 nm wavelength laser as the PA source and 3.5 MHz ultrasonic transducer as the US source. The backscattering resonance effect was observed in the transmitted waves. These results verify our hypothesis that the backscattering resonance phenomenon is present in both US and PA signal transmissions and can be explained using the standing waves model, which will provide a suitable method for the early detection of osteoporosis.

Dynamics of a hybrid optomechanical system in the framework of the generalized linear response theory

In this article, the linear response of a driven-dissipative hybrid optomechanical system consisting of an interacting one-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) to an external time-dependent perturbation is studied in the framework of the generalized linear response theory (GLRT). It is shown that the Stokes and anti-Stokes amplitudes of the optical and atomic modes of the system can be obtained through the solutions to the equations of motion of the open quantum system Green’s function predicted by the GLRT. In this way, interesting phenomena like anti-resonance and Fano resonance are described and it is shown how the atom-atom interaction affects them. Furthermore, an interpretation of the anti-resonance phenomenon is presented based on the optical spectral function and self-energy.

Research on LCL-type three-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverter based on passive damping

The traditional LCL filter has resonance phenomenon in the working process of three-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverter system. Based on the analysis of the frequency characteristics of LCL filter equivalent circuit before and after the introduction of passive damping resistor, it is concluded that the resonance of the system can be suppressed after the introduction of passive damping resistor. In the meantime, the current double closed-loop control strategy used in the system is introduced in detail. Finally, the simulation model is built by Matlab/Simulink simulation platform to verify the feasibility of the research method of LCL-type three-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverter based on passive damping.

Diophantine approximation as Cosmic Censor for Kerr–AdS black holes

The purpose of this paper is to show an unexpected connection between Diophantine approximation and the behavior of waves on black hole interiors with negative cosmological constant $$\Lambda <0$$ Λ < 0 and explore the consequences of this for the Strong Cosmic Censorship conjecture in general relativity. We study linear scalar perturbations $$\psi $$ ψ of Kerr–AdS solving $$\Box _g\psi -\frac{2}{3}\Lambda \psi =0$$ □ g ψ - 2 3 Λ ψ = 0 with reflecting boundary conditions imposed at infinity. Understanding the behavior of $$\psi $$ ψ at the Cauchy horizon corresponds to a linear analog of the problem of Strong Cosmic Censorship. Our main result shows that if the dimensionless black hole parameters mass $${\mathfrak {m}} = M \sqrt{-\Lambda }$$ m = M - Λ and angular momentum $${\mathfrak {a}} = a \sqrt{-\Lambda }$$ a = a - Λ satisfy a certain non-Diophantine condition, then perturbations $$\psi $$ ψ arising from generic smooth initial data blow up $$|\psi |\rightarrow +\infty $$ | ψ | → + ∞ at the Cauchy horizon. The proof crucially relies on a novel resonance phenomenon between stable trapping on the black hole exterior and the poles of the interior scattering operator that gives rise to a small divisors problem. Our result is in stark contrast to the result on Reissner–Nordström–AdS (Kehle in Commun Math Phys 376(1):145–200, 2020) as well as to previous work on the analogous problem for $$\Lambda \ge 0$$ Λ ≥ 0 —in both cases such linear scalar perturbations were shown to remain bounded. As a result of the non-Diophantine condition, the set of parameters $${\mathfrak {m}}, {\mathfrak {a}}$$ m , a for which we show blow-up forms a Baire-generic but Lebesgue-exceptional subset of all parameters below the Hawking–Reall bound. On the other hand, we conjecture that for a set of parameters $${\mathfrak {m}}, {\mathfrak {a}} $$ m , a which is Baire-exceptional but Lebesgue-generic, all linear scalar perturbations remain bounded at the Cauchy horizon $$|\psi |\le C$$ | ψ | ≤ C . This suggests that the validity of the $$C^0$$ C 0 -formulation of Strong Cosmic Censorship for $$\Lambda <0$$ Λ < 0 may change in a spectacular way according to the notion of genericity imposed.