Forest corridors facilitate movement of tropical forest birds after experimental translocations in a fragmented Neotropical landscape in Mexico

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Ibarra-Macias ◽  
W. Douglas Robinson ◽  
Michael S. Gaines

Abstract:We evaluated effects of corridors between forest fragments surrounded by pastures in tropical Mexico. We used experimental translocations and capture–recapture data to measure the proportion of birds returning and time to return after translocation between connected and unconnected patches (five replicates for each treatment). Depending on each species’ degree of forest dependence (forest-restricted and forest-unrestricted species), we assigned birds to two groups to evaluate influence of species characteristics on effects of corridors on movement. Birds translocated between connected patches (n = 75) were seven times more likely to be recaptured in their original capture site when compared with birds translocated between unconnected patches (n = 109). Effects differed among the two species groups. In the presence of corridors, 46% of forest-unrestricted birds returned to the capture site while only 5% returned between unconnected patches. Forest-restricted birds showed similar results, but were only twice as likely to return to a connected capture site. Birds translocated between unconnected patches took longer to return than birds translocated between connected patches. The strong positive effect of corridors on movement, even for forest-unrestricted species, suggests that forested corridors facilitate bird movement and help maintain connectivity even in this highly fragmented landscape.

The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Fernández-Juricic ◽  
Angel Sallent ◽  
Ruben Sanz ◽  
Iñaki RodrÍguez-Prieto

Abstract We used House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) as a model species to assess responses to different levels of human visitation in a fragmented urban landscape. Regionally, we analyzed linear and nonlinear variation in breeding densities in relation to observed pedestrian rates in forest fragments. Locally, we tested experimentally the resource-use–disturbance trade-off hypothesis, which suggests that an increase in the frequency of human visitation decreases the frequency of resource use by an animal, assuming that individuals react to humans as if they were potential predators, and that responses depend upon the probability of visually detecting humans. Breeding densities peaked at intermediate pedestrian rates in two consecutive years. Consumption rates of artificial food within fragments were higher at intermediate pedestrian rates, which may indicate that this species uses people as cues to find food. Consumption rates decreased at high pedestrian rates as a result of low tolerance to people and a reduction in the time devoted to foraging. Our results imply a balance between attraction to and avoidance of humans to account for these nonlinear responses, and that the resource-use–disturbance trade-off hypothesis can be a useful mechanistic explanation for understanding the responses to humans of species that may receive a direct or indirect benefit from human presence. Probando la Hipótesis del Riesgo-Perturbación en un Paisaje Fragmentado: Respuestas No Lineales de Passer domesticus hacia Humanos Resumen. Se escogió a Passer domesticus como especie modelo para analizar su respuesta a distintos niveles de perturbación humana en un ambiente urbano fragmentado. Regionalmente, se analizaron las variaciones lineales y no-lineales en las densidades reproductivas con relación a la tasa observada de visitantes a fragmentos forestales. Localmente, se comprobó experimentalmente la hipótesis del balance entre el uso del recurso y perturbación, la cual analiza la relación entre la frecuencia de visita y la frecuencia de uso del recurso, suponiendo que los animales reaccionan hacia los humanos como si fuesen depredadores, y que las respuestas dependen de las probabilidades de detección de humanos. Las densidades reproductivas en dos años consecutivos fueron más elevadas con tasas de visita intermedias. Las tasas de consumo dentro de fragmentos mostraron un pico cuando la frecuencia de visita fue intermedia, lo que sugiere que esta especie utiliza a los humanos como indicadores de alimento; pero la tasa de consumo disminuyó con frecuencias de visita mas elevadas como resultado de la baja tolerancia hacia humanos y la reducción del tiempo dedicado a la alimentación. Nuestros resultados indican que un balance entre atracción y repulsión hacia humanos está involucrado en las respuestas no lineales y que la hipótesis del balance entre el uso del recurso y el disturbio puede ser una explicación apropiada para comprender las respuestas de especies que reciben un beneficio directo o indirecto de la presencia humana.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Travis S. Steffens ◽  
Malcolm S. Ramsay ◽  
Bertrand Andriatsitohaina ◽  
Ute Radespiel ◽  
Shawn M. Lehman

Madagascar is home to many threatened and endemic primate species, yet this island has seen dramatic declines in lemur habitat due to forest loss. This forest loss has resulted in an increasingly fragmented forest landscape, with fragments isolated from each other by grasslands (i.e., matrix). The grassland matrix is not entirely homogeneous containing matrix elements such as isolated trees and shrubs and linear features such as drainage lines. Because most lemurs are predominantly arboreal, they may preferentially use matrix elements to facilitate dispersal between fragments for access to mates or reduce feeding competition, allowing gene flow between fragments of habitat. Therefore, it is important to understand to what degree they use the matrix. We investigated matrix use in two mouse lemurs, the grey mouse lemur (<i>Microcebus murinus</i>) and the golden-brown mouse lemur (<i>Microcebus ravelobensis</i>) in a fragmented landscape in northwest Madagascar. We tested the predictions that: (1) lemurs use matrix less often than forest fragments, (2) if they use the matrix, then they will preferentially use matrix elements compared to grassland, and (3) <i>M. murinus</i> will disperse into the matrix further than <i>M. ravelobensis</i>. In 2011, we visually surveyed line transects in four areas containing matrix elements and four adjacent forest fragments during nocturnal walks. In 2017, we set up traplines in four areas of the matrix containing matrix elements, three areas that were grassland, and six traplines in adjacent fragments. We compared the relative abundance of mouse lemurs in matrix transects to fragmented forest transects, and the relative abundance of captured lemurs in matrix elements, grassland, and fragment traplines. We found that encounter rates of mouse lemurs did not significantly differ between the matrix and fragmented forest transects or traplines. Our sample size was too low to determine if the mean distance from the forest was greater for either <i>Microcebus</i> spp. Our study highlights that mouse lemurs do use matrix elements and there may be interspecific differences in use. Further research is needed to confirm species-specific matrix use, why mouse lemurs use matrix, and how much matrix elements facilitate movement for each species in fragmented landscapes.


2011 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
RRD. Chagas ◽  
SF. Ferrari

The recently-discovered titi, Callicebus coimbrai, is endemic to the coastal Brazilian Atlantic Forest south of the São Francisco River, a region with a long tradition of deforestation. While a number of C. coimbrai populations have now been identified, little is known about basic population parameters. Considering the importance of this information for conservation planning, the population of a site in southern Sergipe (with a total area of forest of approximately 500 ha) was surveyed between April and October 2008. Standard line transect procedures were used in the four largest fragments, and additional monitoring included the use of playback broadcasts for the observation of titi groups. The presence of titis was confirmed in all the forest fragments at the site, including one of only five hectares. Two other primates - Callithrix jacchus and Cebus xanthosternos - were also recorded at the site, but were less abundant than titis. A total transect walk of 476 km provided 164 sightings of primates, the majority of which (104) were of Callicebus coimbrai. Titi groups ranged in size between two and five individuals. The most reliable estimate of overall population density, derived from the combined data set, was 12.6 individuals per km²;, although density was much higher in smaller (more disturbed) fragments. The total population of Callicebus coimbrai at the site was estimated to be at least 50 individuals, which may represent a considerable proportion of the population of the species remaining in the wild. In addition to its apparent tolerance of habitat fragmentation, densities of C. coimbrai recorded at the site compare favourably with those of other Atlantic Forest titi species.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine Emer ◽  
Pedro Jordano ◽  
Marco A. Pizo ◽  
Milton C. Ribeiro ◽  
Fernanda R. da Silva ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTSeed dispersal interactions involve key ecological processes in tropical forests that help to maintain ecosystem functioning. Yet this functionality may be threatened by increasing habitat loss, defaunation and fragmentation. However, generalist species, and their interactions, can benefit from the habitat change caused by human disturbance while more specialized interactions mostly disappear. Therefore changes in the structure of the local, within fragment, networks can be expected. Here we investigated how the structure of seed-dispersal networks changes along a gradient of increasing habitat fragmentation. We analysed 16 bird seed-dispersal assemblages from forest fragments of a biodiversity-rich ecosystem. We found significant species-, interaction- and network-area relationships, yet the later was determined by the number of species remaining in each community. The number of frugivorous bird and plant species, their interactions, and the number of links per species decreases as area is lost in the fragmented landscape. In contrast, network nestedness has a negative relationship with fragment area, suggesting an increasing generalization of the network structure in the gradient of fragmentation. Network specialization was not significantly affected by area, indicating that some network properties may be invariant to disturbance. Still, the local extinction of partner species, paralleled by a loss of interactions and specialist-specialist bird-plant seed dispersal associations suggests the functional homogenization of the system as area is lost. Our study provides empirical evidence for network-area relationships driven by the presence/absence of remnant species and the interactions they perform.RESUMOInterações de dispersão de sementes formam um processo ecológico chave em florestas tropicais onde colaboram na manutenção do funcionamento do ecossistema. Porém, esta funcionalidade pode estar ameaçada pelo aumento na perda e fragmentação do habitat. Enquanto espécies generalistas e suas interações podem se beneficiar da mudança de habitat causada por distúrbios antrópicos, interações envolvendo espécies mais especialistas são, na maioria, eliminadas. Desta forma, mudanças nas redes locais, dentro de fragmentos florestais, são esperadas. Neste trabalho nós investigamos como a estrutura de redes de dispersão de sementes mudam em um gradiente de fragmentação do habitat. Nós analisamos 16 comunidades de dispersão de sementes espacialmente explícitas e distribuídas em fragmentos florestais de um ecossistema rico em biodiversidade. Nós encontramos relações significativas entre a área do fragmento e espécies, interações e estrutura das redes, sendo que o último foi determinado pelo número de espécies remanescentes em cada comunidade. O número de espécies de aves frugívoras e plantas e as interações entre eles, bem como o número de links por espécie diminuíram significativamente conforme a área dos fragmentos é perdida. Por outro lado, o aninhamento da rede mostrou uma relação negativa com a área do fragmento, sugerindo um aumento da generalização da estrutura das redes com a fragmentação do habitat. No entanto, o grau de especialização das redes não foi afetado pela área, indicando que algumas propriedades de rede podem ser resistentes à perturbação. Sendo assim, a extinção local de espécies parceiras, conjuntamente com a perda das interações e associações planta-dispersor mais especializadas, sugere uma homogeneização do sistema conforme a área do fragmento é perdida. Nosso estudo fornece evidências empíricas para as relações rede-área, sendo estas direcionadas pela presença e/ou ausência das espécies remanescentes bem como das interações que estas realizam.


2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J Roper ◽  
André M. X. Lima ◽  
Angélica M. K. Uejima

Food limitation may interact with nest predation and influence nesting patterns, such as breeding season length and renesting intervals. If so, reproductive effort should change with food availability. Thus, when food is limited, birds should have fewer attempts and shorter seasons than when food is not limiting. Here we experimentally test that increased food availability results in increased reproductive effort in a fragmented landscape in the Variable Antshrike (Thamnophilus caerulescens) in southern Brazil. We followed nesting pairs in five natural fragments (4, 23, 24, 112, 214 ha) in which food was supplemented for half of those pairs, beginning with the first nest. Nest success in the largest (214 ha) fragment was 59%, compared to 5% in the 112 ha fragment and no nest was successful in the smallest (24 ha) fragment. Birds were seen, but evidence of nesting was never found in the two smallest fragments. Pairs with supplemented food were more likely to increase clutch size from two to three eggs, tended to renest sooner (20 d on average) than control pairs. Also, fragment size interacted with breeding and pairs in the largest fragment had greater daily nest survival rates, and so nests tended to last longer, and so these pairs had fewer nesting attempts than those in the 112 ha fragment while more than those in the smallest fragment with nesting (24 ha). Clearly, pairs increased their reproductive effort when food was supplemented in comparison to control pairs and fragment size seems to influence both predation risk and food abundance.


2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Paul Metzger

The effects of deforestation patterns, private nature-reserve extents and agricultural fallow periods on forest conservation were simulated for settlement projects in the Brazilian Amazon that produce a fish-bone pattern of occupation and where slash-and-burn agriculture is predominantly used. Data for simulation was obtained from previous work at the Bragantina region, the oldest agricultural frontier in the Brazilian Amazon. Forest conservation was evaluated using the size of remnant forest fragments, the amount of interior habitat, the connectivity among fragments and the extent of fragmentation. Results showed that the best scenario for forest conservation is the maintenance of 80% of the lot as privatereserve using deforestation pattern that allow to group the reserves from different farmers at the end of the lot. When private-reserve coverage is bellow 80% of the landscape, forest conservation status will be influenced by the deforestation pattern. Some patterns (e.g. random location of deforestation plots) will then be particularly deleterious, producing a highly fragmented landscape, while other patterns (e.g., progressive deforestation from one edge) can allow the maintenance of large forest fragments. To get forest conservation in these cases, private-reserve extent and deforestation pattern should be considered together. Considering both forest conservation and agricultural use, progressive patterns of deforestation (or land use) in a lot of 2,000m by 500m, with private nature-reserves covering 50% of the landscape seems to be the best compromise. To guarantee the private forest preservation, these forests should be pre-established when settlements are planned and grouped at the end of the lots.


2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (11) ◽  
pp. 1091-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. MacIntosh ◽  
B.J.M. Stutchbury ◽  
M.L. Evans

We used radio-telemetry to study the movement patterns of Wood Thrushes ( Hylocichla mustelina (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)) occupying small forest fragments (<5 ha) to examine gap-crossing between fragments and edge use within fragments. We found that 82% (8/11) of males and 33% (2/6) of females made at least one foray off of its resident forest fragment and we documented a total of 26 off-fragment forays (n = 79 h tracking). Males spent, on average, 23.5% of their time off their fragment, while females were gone 12.8% of the time tracked. Most forays were >150 m in distance and foray rate to adjacent fragments declined with increasing gap width. Males on fragments spent more time off their territory (23.5%) and traveled farther (392 m) than males occupying territories within a continuous forest (4.8% and 99 m, respectively). In fragments, 10 out of 17 individuals spent >80% of their time within 20 m of the fragment edge and edge use was significantly more than expected based on the amount of edge available in each fragment. This study adds to the growing evidence for migratory songbirds that during the breeding season, forest fragmentation may increase rather than impede daily movements.


Bird Study ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nour ◽  
R. van Damme ◽  
E. Matthysen ◽  
A.A. Dhondt

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document