No seasonal variations were found in the concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cu, K, Ca, Mg and Na in the kelp E. radiata collected from the marine-dominated Port Hacking estuary on the east coast of Australia. Concentrations of Fe and Mn were about 60% higher in late summer. The relative distributions of all metals between different kelp tissues, however, showed no seasonal variation. Concentration factors (dry weight basis) for trace metals ranged from 2600 for Cu to 68 000 for Fe. With high biomasses common in macroalgal ecosystems, a large proportion of the non-sediment- bound trace metals can be associated with the macroalgae, which therefore act as substantial buffers for these elements. Metal concentration factors (Y, wet wt basis) were related to oceanic residence times (τ) by the equation log Y = -0.69 logτ + 5.4.
The distribution of the aikaii and akaline earth metais (K, Ca, Mg and Na) was relativeiy uniform throughout the various kelp tissues. However, concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cd were significantly higher in the older extremities (holdfast and eroding tip) than in the meristematic region. Although the holdfast also had higher levels of Cu than the meristem, levels were lower in the eroding tip. The results suggest either a slow net intracellular accumulation of metals with time or an increase in potential metal- binding sites as the extremities senesce. Translocation and elimination of surplus metals through the eroding tip or holdfast was thought not to be important in E. radiata as metal concentrations did not differ between live and dead haptera of the holdfast. Likewise, storage of metals in either the holdfast or eroding tip was considered unlikely because of the constant relative tissue distribution throughout the year and lack of metal mobilization during periods of growth. Pretreatment of kelp tissue with an EDTA wash released about 90% of the total Zn and Cd, 25% of the Cu and 7% of the Fe, suggesting that a large proportion of the total kelp Zn and Cd is associated with the apparent free space (AFS). With rapid exchange between seawater and the AFS, E. radiata is therefore not generally useful as a sentinel accumulator species in pollution studies for assessing long term integrated changes of metals in the water column.
Regulation of the meiotic divisions of mammalian oocytes and eggs
