AbstractSister centromere fusion is a process unique to meiosis that promotes co-orientation of the sister kinetochores, ensuring they attach to microtubules from the same pole. We have found that the kinetochore protein SPC105R/KNL1 and Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1-87B) are required for this process. The analysis of these two proteins, however, has shown that two independent mechanisms maintain sister centromere fusion during meiosis I in Drosophila oocytes. Double depletion experiments demonstrated that the precocious separation of centromeres in Spc105R RNAi oocytes is Separase-dependent, suggesting cohesin proteins must be maintained at the core centromeres. In contrast, precocious sister centromere separation in Pp1-87B RNAi oocytes does not depend on Separase or Wapl. Further analysis with microtubule destabilizing drugs showed that PP1-87B maintains sister centromeres fusion by regulating microtubule dynamics. Additional double depletion experiments demonstrated that PP1-87B has this function by antagonizing Polo kinase and BubR1, two proteins known to promote kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) attachments. These results suggest that PP1-87B maintains sister centromere fusion by inhibiting stable KT-MT attachments. Surprisingly, we found that loss of C(3)G, the transverse element of the synaptonemal complex (SC), suppresses centromere separation in Pp1-87B RNAi oocytes. This is evidence for a functional role of centromeric SC in the meiotic divisions. We propose two mechanisms maintain co-orientation in Drosophila oocytes: one involves SPC105R to protect cohesins at sister centromeres and another involves PP1-87B to regulate spindle forces at end-on attachments.Author SummaryMeiosis involves two cell divisions. In the first division, pairs of homologous chromosomes segregate, in the second division, the sister chromatids segregate. These patterns of division are mediated by regulating microtubule attachments to the kinetochores and stepwise release of cohesion between the sister chromatids. During meiosis I, cohesion fusing sister centromeres must be intact so they attach to microtubules from the same pole. At the same time, arm cohesion must be released for anaphase I. Upon entry into meiosis II, the sister centromeres must separate to allow attachment to opposite poles, while cohesion surrounding the centromeres must remain intact until anaphase II. How these different populations of cohesion are regulated is not understood. We identified two genes required for maintaining sister centromere cohesion, and surprisingly found they define two distinct mechanisms. The first is a kinetochore protein that maintains sister centromere fusion by recruiting proteins that protect cohesion. The second is a phosphatase that antagonizes proteins that stabilize microtubule attachments. We propose that entry into meiosis II coincides with stabilization of microtubule attachments, resulting in the separation of sister centromeres without disrupting cohesion in other regions, facilitating attachment of sister chromatids to opposite poles.
Regulation of the meiotic divisions of mammalian oocytes and eggs
