scholarly journals Using shared knowledge to determine ironic intent; a conversational response paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1170-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria ZAJĄCZKOWSKA ◽  
Kirsten ABBOT-SMITH ◽  
Christina S. KIM
Keyword(s):  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Mental Set ◽  
Null Results ◽  
Set Switching

AbstractMentalising has long been suggested to play an important role in irony interpretation. We hypothesised that another important cognitive underpinning of irony interpretation is likely to be children's capacity for mental set switching – the ability to switch flexibly between different approaches to the same task. We experimentally manipulated mentalising and set switching to investigate their effects on the ability of 7-year-olds to determine if an utterance is intended ironically or literally. The component of mentalising examined was whether the speaker and listener shared requisite knowledge.We developed a paradigm in which children had to select how a listener might reply, depending on whether the listener shared knowledge needed to interpret the utterance as ironic. Our manipulation of requisite set switching found null results. However, we are the first to show experimentally that children as young as seven years use mentalising to determine whether an utterance is intended ironically or literally.

A Review of the Role of Cue Processing in Task Switching

2013 ◽  
Vol 221 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Jost ◽  
Wouter De Baene ◽  
Iring Koch ◽  
Marcel Brass
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Task Switch ◽  
Task Set ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Set Switching ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Cue Encoding ◽  
Cue Processing

The role of cue processing has become a controversial topic in research on cognitive control using task-switching procedures. Some authors suggested a priming account to explain switch costs as a form of encoding benefit when the cue from the previous trial is repeated and hence challenged theories that attribute task-switch costs to task-set (re)configuration. A rich body of empirical evidence has evolved that indeed shows that cue-encoding repetition priming is an important component in task switching. However, these studies also demonstrate that there are usually substantial “true” task-switch costs. Here, we review this behavioral, electrophysiological, and brain imaging evidence. Moreover, we describe alternative approaches to the explicit task-cuing procedure, such as the usage of transition cues or the task-span procedure. In addition, we address issues related to the type of cue, such as cue transparency. We also discuss methodological and theoretical implications and argue that the explicit task-cuing procedure is suitable to address issues of cognitive control and task-set switching.

Kekoherensian Wacana Iklan Komersial dalam Website Softbank: Kajian Analisis Wacana

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Desi Damayanti
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Rhetorical Structure ◽  
Coherence Relations ◽  
Coherence Factors

ABSTRAKJepang merupakan negara dengan tiga perusahaan telekomunikasi ternama didunia, salah satunya SoftBank, sehingga perusahaan tersebut menggunakan berbagaicara kreatif untuk mempromosikan produknya, termasuk melalui media iklankomersial. Sells dan Gonzalez (dalam Astuti, 2005:3) menyatakan bahwa bahasa dalamiklan sedikit menyimpang dari kaidah tata bahasa, yang mempengaruhi keterpaduanmaknanya (koherensi). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasipenanda kekoherensian, hubungan kekoherensian serta faktor penyebab terjadinyakekoherensian pada wacana iklan komersial dalam website SoftBank yang dianalisisberlandaskan pada teori struktur iklan Bolen (1984), struktur retorika Mann danThompson (1988) serta koherensi Ramlan (1993). Penulis menggunakan metodedeskriptif analisis dalam penelitian ini. Dari hasil analisis data, teridentifikasi bahwapenanda kekoherensian yang sering muncul berjenis perturutan, contohnya seperti“maka dari itu”. Kemudian terdapat tiga jenis hubungan koherensi yang sering munculdalam kedua belas wacana iklan komersial tersebut, yakni uraian, latar belakang danurutan. Faktor penyebab kekoherensian adalah adanya pengetahuan yang dibagibersama (shared knowledge) dari pengiklan kepada konsumen, sehingga konsumendapat mengetahui dan ingin tahu lebih lanjut mengenai isi iklan.Kata kunci: wacana, iklan komersial, koherensi, struktur iklan, struktur retorikaABSTRACTJapan is a country with top three telecommunication brand companies in theworld, one of them is Softbank. This company uses a variety of methods to promote theirproducts, including the use of commercial ads. Sells and Gonzalez (from Astuti, 2005:3)declare that ads have a bit linguistic deviation that affecting the unity of meaning(coherence). The aim of this research is to identify the coherence markers, coherencerelations and coherence factors of SoftBank’s commercial adverting discourse (CAD)analyzed based on advertising theory from Bolen (1984) and rhetorical structure theoryfrom Mann and Thompson (1988) and Ramlan (1984). The writers use descriptivemethod in this research. The results of data analysis, it is identified that coherencemarkers like continuation are often used, for example “therefore”.Then, the twelve CADshave three kinds of coherence relations that often come in the CAD, such as elaboration,background, and sequence. The factor of the coherence is a sharing a knowledge fromadvertiser to consumer, so that consumer can be informed and want to know more aboutthe content of the ads.Keywords: discourse, commercial ads, coherence, ad’s structure, rhetorical structure

Negotiating about shared knowledge in a cooperative learning environment

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Rüdiger Pfister ◽  
Martin Wessner ◽  
Torsten Holmer ◽  
Ralf Steinmetz
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Shared Knowledge

The Relations between Cultural Life Scripts, Individual Life Stories, and Psychological Distress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Anne ◽  
Steve M. J. Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Life Story ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Positive Individual ◽  
Life Scripts

Cultural Life Scripts (CLS) are shared knowledge about personal events expected to be experienced by individuals within a society, and used as a framework for life story narration. Differences in CLS for individuals with depression and trauma, and their relations to anxiety, stress, and well-being, have not been investigated. Malaysian participants (N = 120) described and rated seven significant events most likely to be experienced by a prototypical infant from their culture, and seven significant events they had experienced or expected to experience in their own life. Participants then answered questionnaires about depression and trauma symptoms and about anxiety, stress, and well-being. The subclinical depression group listed less typical CLS events, whereas the subclinical PTSD group listed less positive individual life story events. The findings indicate that, although individuals with depression and trauma possess knowledge of the CLS, there may be small differences in the cognitive processing of CLS and individual life story events.

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