The number of feeding spaces required for large groups of early-weaned pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 167-167
Author(s):  
P.H. Simmins ◽  
S. Malkin
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Welfare Systems ◽  
Weaned Pig ◽  
Sloping Bed ◽  
Large Groups

Inadequate feeding space allowance could limit the performance of the early-weaned pig. No information is available on the amount of space required as group size increases; this is now more typical for some of the novel welfare systems. It has been suggested that the early-weaned pigs tend to feed together for an initial period. Indications exist that, if inadequate feeding space is provided post-weaning, a proportion of piglets may suffer.The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effect of restricting access to feed on the performance of the early-weaned pig housed in large groups in a novel sloping bed weaner pen.

An assessment of pig welfare in very large groups of weaned pigs from outdoor systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 191-191
Author(s):  
A. Xalabarder ◽  
J.A. Roden ◽  
P.R. English ◽  
O. McPherson ◽  
A. Head
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Common Method ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Large Groups

A common method of housing newly weaned pigs from outdoor systems involves very large groups in straw-bedded pens. Concerns regarding pig welfare on these systems have been expressed in relation to excessive group size, the risk of hypothermia (no supplementary heating), disease challenge and the competition to which smaller piglets are subjected. Accordingly, indices of welfare (health, mortality, behaviour, growth rate and feed efficiency) were monitored in 2 large groups of newly weaned pigs.

An assessment of pig welfare in very large groups of weaned pigs from outdoor systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 191-191
Author(s):  
A. Xalabarder ◽  
J.A. Roden ◽  
P.R. English ◽  
O. McPherson ◽  
A. Head
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Common Method ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Large Groups

A common method of housing newly weaned pigs from outdoor systems involves very large groups in straw-bedded pens. Concerns regarding pig welfare on these systems have been expressed in relation to excessive group size, the risk of hypothermia (no supplementary heating), disease challenge and the competition to which smaller piglets are subjected. Accordingly, indices of welfare (health, mortality, behaviour, growth rate and feed efficiency) were monitored in 2 large groups of newly weaned pigs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of bat adenoviruses suggests co-evolution and host roosting behaviour as drivers for diversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nkom F. Ntumvi ◽  
Joseph Le Doux Diffo ◽  
Ubald Tamoufe ◽  
Valantine Ngum Ndze ◽  
Jean-Michel Takuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Dna Detection ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Pcr Assays ◽  
Large Groups

Adenoviruses (AdVs) are diverse pathogens of humans and animals, with several dozen bat AdVs already identified. Considering that over 100 human AdVs are known, and the huge diversity of bat species, many bat AdVs likely remain undiscovered. To learn more about AdV prevalence, diversity and evolution, we sampled and tested bats in Cameroon using several PCR assays for viral and host DNA. AdV DNA was detected in 14 % of the 671 sampled animals belonging to 37 different bat species. There was a correlation between species roosting in larger groups and AdV DNA detection. The detected AdV DNA belonged to between 28 and 44 different, mostly previously unknown, mastadenovirus species. The novel isolates are phylogenetically diverse and while some cluster with known viruses, others appear to form divergent new clusters. The phylogenetic tree of novel and previously known bat AdVs does not mirror that of the various host species, but does contain structures consistent with a degree of virus–host co-evolution. Given that closely related isolates were found in different host species, it seems likely that at least some bat AdVs have jumped species barriers, probably in the more recent past; however, the tree is also consistent with such events having taken place throughout bat AdV evolution. AdV diversity was highest in bat species roosting in large groups. The study significantly increased the diversity of AdVs known to be harboured by bats, and suggests that host behaviours, such as roosting size, may be what limits some AdVs to one species rather than an inability of AdVs to infect other related hosts.

scholarly journals RESPONSE OF EARLY WEANED PIGS TO FULL-FAT SOYBEAN DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIFFERENT ANIMAL PROTEIN SOURCES

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
A. O. FANIMO
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Weaned Pig ◽  
Almost All

24 Large White X Landrace pigs weaned at 28 about 10% of the total feed is said to offer days with initial liveweight of 5.27±0.23 kg were valuable additional micro-nutrients such as fed four animal protein concentrates (fish meal However, almost all the fish (FM), Chicken offal meal (COM), fresh blood meal (FBM) and parboiled blood meal (PBM) diets based on full-fat soybean (FFSB) for 8 prices weeks to test different animal protein sources of protein and for early weaned pig. The diets contained 23% crude protein and 3100 Kcal ME/kg diet. Blood meal slightly reduced weight gain and feed intake but compared favourably with fish meal and chicken offal meal in efficiency of feed utilization. Parboiling of the blood slightly (P>0.05) depressed the performance of the pigs;even when the pigs had the same feed intake.. Fish meal increased (P<0.05) serum total protein and serum albumin levels.This study indicated that early weaned pigs fed soybean based diets supplemented with chicken offal meal and blood meal gave similar performance to those fed diet supplemented with fish meal.

Influence of group size on the performance and behaviour of 4 to 10 week old pigs

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 48-48
Author(s):  
N.E. O’Connell ◽  
V.E. Beattie ◽  
R.N. Weatherup
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Use Of Resources

Increasing the group size of weaned pigs can lead to more efficient use of resources by producers. However research with finishing pigs suggests that increasing group size can also lead to increased aggression and reduced performance (Spoolder et al., 1999). The objective of this study was to assess the effect of group size on the performance and behaviour of weaned pigs.

Vigilance Patterns of Bald Eagles Feeding in Groups

The Auk ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan K. Knight ◽  
Richard L. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Haliaeetus Leucocephalus ◽  
Potential Danger ◽  
Predator Detection ◽  
Bald Eagles ◽  
Additional Function ◽  
Scanning Time ◽  
Large Groups

Abstract Patterns of vigilant behavior of wintering Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) feeding on spawned salmon were examined in 1983-1984 on the Nooksack River in northwestern Washington. Vigilance in feeding birds has, in general, been attributed to predator detection; however, we proposed an additional function of vigilance in socially feeding birds that are vulnerable to food robbery and possible injury by conspecifics. We tested predictions of two nonexclusive hypotheses: (1) eagles look up while feeding to detect danger from humans, and (2) eagles look up while feeding to detect pirating attempts or avoid injury by conspecifics. Results suggest that the function of vigilance varies, depending on the size of the feeding group. Vigilance patterns of eagles feeding in small groups (1-4 eagles) and medium groups (5-7 eagles0 are consistent with hypothesis 1, whereas those of eagles feeding in large groups (8-14 eagles) are consistent with hypothesis 2. Eagles in small groups were more vigilant (measured as scanning time and rate of head raising) when feeding near potential danger (riverbank cover) than when far from danger. Adult eagles feeding in areas of intense human activity were more vigilant than immatures feeding at the same site and were more vigilant than both adults and immatures feeding at secluded sites. Vigilance declined as group size increased from 1 to 4 eagles, and increased as group size ranged from 8 to 14 eagles. Feeding eagles that were looking up at the time of a pirating attempt were more successful in keeping their food than eagles with their heads down. In feeding areas where human activity was minimal, eagles formed larger groups than at more disturbed sites.

The relationship of social vocalizations to surface behavior and aggression in the Hawaiian humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 2075-2080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory K. Silber
Keyword(s):  
Surface Activity ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Humpback Whale ◽  
Megaptera Novaeangliae ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Surface Behavior ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
The Relationship

Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) social vocalizations (nonsong sounds) were clearly related to whale group size and surface activity. Social sounds occurred almost exclusively in groups containing three or more whales and were rarely heard near single whales, pairs, or cow–calf groups. Large groups (3 to 20 individuals) vocalized at an overall mean rate of 43.1 ± 55.52 sounds per whale/h. Group size changed frequently and a dramatic increase in vocalization rate resulted when a new whale entered a group. Large groups engaged in flurries of surface activity, such as breaching, flipper- and tail-slapping, and underwater bubbling. Aggressive encounters resulted from male–male interaction. Social sounds probably acted to demonstrate aggression or agitation as adult males competed for temporary social dominance within the group and for proximity to the female. Likewise, visual displays may have been used as threats in close quarters and were apparently produced in conjunction with sounds to convey levels of aggression. Although other studies suggested that surface activity increased with group size, I found a negative correlation between activity and group size, both in the group as a whole and per individual. In contrast, social vocalizations per group increased with group size while the vocalization rate per individual did not vary significantly with increasing group size.

Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans

1993 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Social Grooming ◽  
Historical Societies ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Large Groups

AbstractGroup size covaries with relative neocortical volume in nonhuman primates. This regression equation predicts a group size for modern humans very similar to that for hunter-gatherer and traditional horticulturalist societies. Similar group sizes are found in other contemporary and historical societies. Nonhuman primates maintain group cohesion through social grooming; among the Old World monkeys and apes, social grooming time is linearly related to group size. Maintaining stability of human-sized groups by grooming alone would make intolerable time demands. It is therefore suggested (1) that the evolution of large groups in the human lineage depended on developing a more efficient method for time-sharing the processes of social bonding and (2) that language uniquely fulfills this requirement. Data on the size of conversational and other small interacting groups of humans accord with the predicted relative efficiency of conversation compared to grooming as a bonding process. In human conversations about 60% of time is spent gossiping about relationships and personal experiences. Language may accordingly have evolved to allow individuals to learn about the behavioural characteristics of other group members more rapidly than was feasible by direct observation alone.

scholarly journals Research groups: how big should they be?

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Cook ◽  
Sam Grange ◽  
Adam Eyre-Walker
Keyword(s):  
Impact Factor ◽  
Group Size ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Average Group ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Number Of Citations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
The Relationship

We have investigated the relationship between research group size and productivity in the life sciences in the United Kingdom using data from 398 principle investigators (PIs). We show that the number of publications increases linearly with group size, but that the slope is modest relative to the intercept, and that the relationship explains little of the variance in productivity. A comparison of the slope and intercept suggests that PIs contribute on average 5-times more productivity than an average group member and using multiple regression we estimate that post-doctoral researchers are approximately 3–times more productive than PhD students. We also find that the impact factor and the number of citations are both non-linearly related to group size such that there is a maximum. However, the relationships explain little of the variance and the curvatures are shallow so the impact factor and the number of citations do not greatly depend upon group size. The intercept is large relative to curvature suggesting that the PI is largely responsible for the impact factor and the number of citations from their group. Surprisingly we find this non-linear relationship for post-docs, but for PhD students we observe a slight but significant decrease in the impact factor. The results have important implications for the funding of research. Given a set number of Pis there is no evidence of diminishing returns in terms of the number of papers published and only a very weak cost to very large groups in terms of where those papers are published and the number of citations they receive. However, the results do suggest that it might be more productive to invest in new permanent members of faculty rather than additional post-docs and PhD students.

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