scholarly journals Etude Histopathologique et Neurochimique Suite a des Lesions Unilaterales du Locus Coeruleus Chez le Rat et de la Region Postlocus Chez le Chat (Part 2)

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Marchand ◽  
P. Chauvel ◽  
M. Fantino ◽  
L.J. Poirier
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Important Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contralateral Cortex

SummaryUnilateral lesions involving the area immediately caudal to the locus coeruleus in the cat are associated with slight decreases of noradrenaline (NA) in both sides of the spinal cord without any important change of serotonin (5-HT) concentration in the spinal cord and of N A and 5-HT concentrations in the cerebral cortex of both sides. In other cats with similar lesions involving the same area bilaterally (postlocus lesions) NA is markedly decreased and 5-H T slightly decreased in the hypothalamus and spinal cord but the concentrations of NA and 5-HT of the cerebral cortex, striât urn and thalamus are not conspicuously modified by such postlocus lesions.Unilateral lesions in the area of the loci coeruleus and subcoeruleus in the rat are associated with a marked decrease of noradrenaline (NA) in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex without any important change of NA in the contralateral cortex and in the spinal cord of both sides. Under such conditions the concentrations of serotonin (5-HT) are not significantly modified in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord of both sides. NA and 5-HT concentrations of the cerebral cortex of both sides are unmodified by unilateral lesions of the cerebellar nuclei in the rat. In the latter group of animals slight increases of NA and 5-HT in the spinal cord are significant in comparison to the values obtained in the control animals but not from one side of the spinal cord to the other.These results further support the suggestion that the noradrenergic coeruleo-cortical pathway originating in the loci coeruleus and subcoeruleus ascends on the same side and ends in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. In the light of the results of this investigation and of those reported in a companion paper (Marchand et ai, 1979) NA fibers reaching the hypothalamus and spinal cord most likely arise from neurons located caudally in respect to the locus coeruleus. Moreover NA fibers ending in the hypothalamus do not ascend in the dorsolateral part of the isthmic area and, therefore, have a different course than the N A fibers reaching the cerebral cortex and thalamus.

scholarly journals Correlations Histopathologiques et Neurochimiques en Fonction de Lesions de la Regiondu Locus Coeruleus chez le Chat (Part I)

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Marchand ◽  
M. Fantino ◽  
J. Dankova ◽  
L.J. Poirier
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Contralateral Cortex ◽  
Parabrachial Nuclei ◽  
Bilateral Lesions

SummaryUnilateral lesions in the area of the loci coeruleus and subcoeruleus in the cat are associated with a significant and sustained decrease of noradrenaline (NA) in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex without any important change in the concentrations of NA in the contralateral cortex and in the spinal cord of both sides. The serotonin (5-HT) concentrations of the spinal cord and cerebral cortex of both sides remained unchanged in the same groups of animals. Bilateral lesions in the same area result also in a marked decrease of NA in the cerebral cortex of both sides. The latter lesions also result in slight decreases of NA in the hypothalamus and of NA and 5-HT in the spinal cord but the NA and 5-HT concentrations of the stria-turn and thalamus and the 5-H T concentrations of the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus are unmodified by such lesions. Unilateral lesions of the area immediately rostral to the locus coeruleus (praelocus lesions) result in a very significant decrease of NA in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex without any change of NA in the contralateral cerebral cortex and spinal cord of both sides. Similar lesions produced bilaterally in another group of cats resulted in marked decreases of NA in the cerebral cortex of both sides and a slight decrease of NA in the thalamus without any change of NA in the striatum, hypothalamus and spinal cord and of 5-HT in the cerebral cortex. In the same group of animals with lesions which, however, extended more closely to the midline than in cats with locus coeruleus lesions, 5-HT is markedly decreased in the striatum and thalamus and slightly decreased in the hypothalamus and spinal cord.These results support the view that the noradrenergie coeruleo-cortical pathway is made up of fibers which originate in the loci coeruleus and subcoeruleus and pre-dominently end ipsilaterally to their origin in the cerebral cortex. Ascending NA fibers ending in the thalamus appear to originate from NA neurons located more laterally in the upper pons and more specifically at the level of the parabrachial nuclei.

Posterior approach for cervical intramedullary arteriovenous malformation with diffuse-type nidus

1999 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Ohata ◽  
Toshihiro Takami ◽  
Alaa El-Naggar ◽  
Michiharu Morino ◽  
Akimasa Nishio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Posterior Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anterior Spinal Artery ◽  
Neural Element ◽  
Feeding Artery ◽  
Diffuse Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The treatment of spinal intramedullary arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) with a diffuse-type nidus that contains a neural element poses different challenges compared with a glomus-type nidus. The surgical elimination of such lesions involves the risk of spinal cord ischemia that results from coagulation of the feeding artery that, at the same time, supplies cord parenchyma. However, based on evaluation of the risks involved in performing embolization, together with the frequent occurrence of reperfusion, which necessitates frequent reembolization, the authors consider surgery to be a one-stage solution to a disease that otherwise has a very poor prognosis. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed diffuse-type intramedullary AVMs in the cervical spinal cords of three patients who subsequently underwent surgery via the posterior approach. The AVM was supplied by the anterior spinal artery in one case and by both the anterior and posterior spinal arteries in the other two cases. In all three cases, a posterior median myelotomy was performed up to the vicinity of the anterior median fissure that divided the spinal cord together with the nidus, and the feeding artery was coagulated and severed at its origin from the anterior spinal artery. In the two cases in which the posterior spinal artery fed the AVM, the feeding artery was coagulated on the dorsal surface of the spinal cord. Neurological outcome improved in one patient and deteriorated slightly to mildly in the other two patients. Postoperative angiography demonstrated complete disappearance of the AVM in all cases. Because of the extremely poor prognosis of patients with spinal intramedullary AVMs, this surgical technique for the treatment of diffuse-type AVMs provides acceptable operative outcome. Surgical intervention should be considered when managing a patient with a diffuse-type intramedullary AVM in the cervical spinal cord.

scholarly journals THE PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF STREPTOCOCCI FROM CASES OF POLIOMYELITIS AND OTHER SOURCES

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carroll G. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Streptococci cultivated from the tonsils of thirty-two cases of poliomyelitis were used to inoculate various laboratory animals. In no case was a condition induced resembling poliomyelitis clinically or pathologically in guinea pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, or monkeys. On the other hand, a considerable percentage of the rabbits and a smaller percentage of some of the other animals developed lesions due to streptococci. These lesions consisted of meningitis, meningo-encephalitis, abscess of the brain, arthritis, tenosynovitis, myositis, abscess of the kidney, endocarditis, pericarditis, and neuritis. No distinction in the character or frequency of the lesions could be determined between the streptococci derived from poliomyelitic patients and from other sources. Streptococci isolated from the poliomyelitic brain and spinal cord of monkeys which succumbed to inoculation with the filtered virus failed to induce in monkeys any paralysis or the characteristic histological changes of poliomyelitis. These streptococci are regarded as secondary bacterial invaders of the nervous organs. Monkeys which have recovered from infection with streptococci derived from cases of poliomyelitis are not protected from infection with the filtered virus, and their blood does not neutralize the filtered virus in vitro. We have failed to detect any etiologic or pathologic relationship between streptococci and epidemic poliomyelitis in man or true experimental poliomyelitis in the monkey.

scholarly journals Comparisons of neuroinflammation, microglial activation, and degeneration of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in APP/PS1 and aging mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Cao ◽  
Daniel W. Fisher ◽  
Guadalupe Rodriguez ◽  
Tian Yu ◽  
Hongxin Dong
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Norepinephrine System ◽  
Protective Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background The role of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis is becoming increasingly important, as activation of these cell types likely contributes to both pathological and protective processes associated with all phases of the disease. During early AD pathogenesis, one of the first areas of degeneration is the locus coeruleus (LC), which provides broad innervation of the central nervous system and facilitates norepinephrine (NE) transmission. Though the LC-NE is likely to influence microglial dynamics, it is unclear how these systems change with AD compared to otherwise healthy aging. Methods In this study, we evaluated the dynamic changes of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the LC-NE system in the brain and spinal cord of APP/PS1 mice and aged WT mice using immunofluorescence and ELISA. Results Our results demonstrated increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation observed in the cortex, hippocampus, and spinal cord of APP/PS1 compared to WT mice. LC-NE neuron and fiber loss as well as reduced norepinephrine transporter (NET) expression was more evident in APP/PS1 mice, although NE levels were similar between 12-month-old APP/PS1 and WT mice. Notably, the degree of microglial activation, LC-NE nerve fiber loss, and NET reduction in the brain and spinal cord were more severe in 12-month-old APP/PS1 compared to 12- and 24-month-old WT mice. Conclusion These results suggest that elevated neuroinflammation and microglial activation in the brain and spinal cord of APP/PS1 mice correlate with significant degeneration of the LC-NE system.

scholarly journals The Role of Axonal Transport in Neurodegenerative Disease Spread: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Clinical Poliomyelitis Compares with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (S3) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Rix Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Axonal Transport ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Local Spread ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Bulbar Onset

ABSTRACT:ALS symptom spread results from local spread of the neuronal degeneration because contiguous areas are more quickly involved than non-contiguous areas. Local spread to contiguous areas of motor neuron dysfunction is faster at the brainstem, cervical and lumbar regions than spread to non-continguous areas. The time for caudal-rostral symptomatic spread of ALS to involve a distant region is a function of the distance of that region from the site of onset. The time for spread to the bulbar region is shorter following arm onset than leg onset. Spread to non-contiguous areas is faster within the spinal cord than from the spinal cord to the bulbar region. These kinetics are consistent with axonal transport of the etiological agent in a manner similar to spread of poliovirus in poliomyelitis patients. Spread from the bulbar region to the spinal cord, on the other hand, occurs faster than symptom spread from the limb region to the bulbar region in limb onset patients. This rapid limb involvement following bulbar onset is more dramatic in males compared with females. Females with leg onset, on the other hand, show more rapid involvement of the opposite leg, either arm or bulbar structures than males. Gender effects may determine the course of ALS depending on the original site of onset.

scholarly journals The significance of soil microorganisms as a limiting factor in infection of clover by Sclerotinia trifoliorum erikss. at different times of the year

1964 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-134
Author(s):  
Anna-Marja Halkilahti
Keyword(s):  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Pronounced Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sclerotinia Trifoliorum ◽  
Other Hand

In the petri dish trials the mycelia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum in sterilized soil samples generally infected clover quite readily. In unsterilized samples the infection was less severe and showed marked variations in different years and at different times of the year. In the outdoor trials clover became less infected in the middle of the summer than in the spring and autumn. On the other hand, in the thermostat trials, where the temperature was constantly 7—10°C, the temperature at the time of taking the soil samples did not have a pronounced effect on the extent of clover infection. Liming of the soil caused a marked decrease in the severity of clover rot infection. In some autumns clover plants growing in soil samples taken from fallow were more seriously infected than those growing in soil from a clover field. As a rule, however, there were only slight variations in the extent of infection in the soil samples taken at the same time from the various areas of the field cultivated in different ways. In general, the highest numbers of microorganisms in the soil were found in the autumn and the lowest in the spring. In clover fields there were often more microorganisms – particularly in the autumn – than in fallow. Liming caused an increase in the numbers of soil microbes. S. trifoliorum infected clover very severely at temperatures of 0—5°C; in the range 5—21°C the infection grew generally milder the more the temperature was found to be rising. At temperatures of 5– 10°C an increase in the numbers of soil microbes resulted in a decrease in the infection of the clover. Still higher temperatures, which did not increase the numbers of soil microorganisms, nevertheless enhanced the antagonistic power of the soil.

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