2. On the Figures of Equilibrium of Liquid Films

1869 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 311-313
Author(s):  
David Brewster
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Liquid Films ◽  
Double Cone ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Small Aperture ◽  
Hollow Glass ◽  
Plane Film ◽  
Common Plane ◽  
Figures Of Equilibrium ◽  
Small Bubbles

This paper is a continuation of that read on 4th February 1867, and already published in the Transactions. Instead, however, of the liquid films being formed within systems of wires, hollow glass vessels are here employed. By using a single or double cone of glass open at both ends, and inserting within it small bubbles blown from a quill or tube with a small aperture, regular binary, ternary, or quaternary systems of films are produced. Thus, by first obtaining a plane film within the conical vessel, and then inserting upon it four small bubbles, a system is produced consisting of four hollow films, of curious curvature, united to one another respectively by vertical plane surfaces, and connected in their centres by a common plane film, which, by adopting certain precautions, may, with a little care, be made to assume either a horizontal or a vertical position.

3. On the Figures of Equilibrium of Liquid Films

1869 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 76-78
Author(s):  
David Brewster
Keyword(s):  
Soap Solution ◽  
Liquid Films ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Soap Bubble ◽  
Horizontal Position ◽  
Soap Films ◽  
Figures Of Equilibrium ◽  
New Phenomena

In repeating some of the experiments of Professor Plateau, described in seven interesting memoirs published in “The Transactions of the Belgian Academy,” and in prosecuting his own experiments on the colours of the soap-bubble, the author of this paper observed several new phenomena which may have escaped the notice of the Belgian philosopher.Professor Plateau has described and drawn the beautiful systems of soap-films, obtained by lifting from a soap solution a cube made of wires about one and a half inch long. This system is a polyhedron, composed of twelve similar films stretching from the wires, and united to a plane quadrangular film in the centre. When this vertical film was blown upon, M. Von Rees observed that it was reduced to a line, and then reproduced in a horizontal position, from which it could be blown again into a vertical position.

XXXIV.—On the Figures of Equilibrium in Liquid Films

1867 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brewster
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Films ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Soap Bubble ◽  
Horizontal Position ◽  
Figures Of Equilibrium ◽  
Capillary Attraction ◽  
New Phenomena

In repeating some of the beautiful experiments of Professor Plateau, on the Equilibrium of Liquid Films, contained in seven Memoirs, published in the “Transactions of the Royal Belgic Academy,” and in prosecuting my experiments on the colours of the soap-bubble, I observed several new phenomena which may have escaped the notice of the Belgian philosopher.In plunging a wire cube in a solution of soap, and lifting it up vertically, Professor Plateau found that there was formed within it a polyhedron, as shown in Plate XXXIV. Fig. 1, consisting of twelve similar liquid films adhering by capillary attraction to the twelve wires which compose the cube, and a small quadrangular film suspended in the middle of them. In many cases M. Plateau found that the vertical quadrangular film was often horizontal, as in Fig. 2; and M. Van Rees discovered, that by blowing very lightly upon one of its sides it was reduced to a simple line, and then reproduced in a horizontal position, from which it could be blown again into a vertical position, as in Fig. 1.

scholarly journals Responses of Primate Caudal Parabrachial Nucleus and Kölliker-Fuse Nucleus Neurons to Whole Body Rotation

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 3175-3193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carey D. Balaban ◽  
David M. McGee ◽  
Jianxun Zhou ◽  
Charles A. Scudder
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Limbic Cortex ◽  
Body Rotation ◽  
Spatial Tuning ◽  
Position Sensitive

The caudal aspect of the parabrachial (PBN) and Kölliker-Fuse (KF) nuclei receive vestibular nuclear and visceral afferent information and are connected reciprocally with the spinal cord, hypothalamus, amygdala, and limbic cortex. Hence, they may be important sites of vestibulo-visceral integration, particularly for the development of affective responses to gravitoinertial challenges. Extracellular recordings were made from caudal PBN cells in three alert, adult female Macaca nemestrina through an implanted chamber. Sinusoidal and position trapezoid angular whole body rotation was delivered in yaw, roll, pitch, and vertical semicircular canal planes. Sites were confirmed histologically. Units that responded during rotation were located in lateral and medial PBN and KF caudal to the trochlear nerve at sites that were confirmed anatomically to receive superior vestibular nucleus afferents. Responses to whole-body angular rotation were modeled as a sum of three signals: angular velocity, a leaky integration of angular velocity, and vertical position. All neurons displayed angular velocity and integrated angular velocity sensitivity, but only 60% of the neurons were position-sensitive. These responses to vertical rotation could display symmetric, asymmetric, or fully rectified cosinusoidal spatial tuning about a best orientation in different cells. The spatial properties of velocity and integrated velocity and position responses were independent for all position-sensitive neurons; the angular velocity and integrated angular velocity signals showed independent spatial tuning in the position-insensitive neurons. Individual units showed one of three different orientations of their excitatory axis of velocity rotation sensitivity: vertical-plane-only responses, positive elevation responses (vertical plane plus ipsilateral yaw), and negative elevation axis responses (vertical plane plus negative yaw). The interactions between the velocity and integrated velocity components also produced variations in the temporal pattern of responses as a function of rotation direction. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a vestibulorecipient region of the PBN and KF integrates signals from the vestibular nuclei and relay information about changes in whole-body orientation to pathways that produce homeostatic and affective responses.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Horizontal and Vertical Position of Mental Foramen in Indian Population in Terms of Age and Sex in Dentate Subjects by Pano-ramic Radiographs: A Retrospective Study with Review of Literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Parnami ◽  
Deepak Gupta ◽  
Vishal Arora ◽  
Saurabh Bhalla ◽  
Adarsh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Population ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Mental Foramen ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Panoramic Radiographs ◽  
New Criteria

Objective : To familiarize new criteria to access vertical position of mental foramen in panoramic radiographs. Furthermore, to determine and compare the position and symmetry of mental foramen in horizontal as well as in vertical plane in Indian population and to compare the results with those reported for other populations in the literature. Further gender differences in mental foramen position were also accessed to comment on the reliability of panoramic radiographs for sex determination. Methods and Material : Six hundred digital panoramic radiographs were selected and studied regarding the location and symmetry of mental foramen. They were also compared with the other studies in the literature. The method employed is similar to that described by Al Jasser and Nwoku for horizontal position and Fishal et al. for vertical position of mental foramen. Certain modifications were carried out in Fishal’s criteria for vertical position assessment. Results : The commonest position of the mental foramen in horizontal plane was in line with the longitudinal axis of the second premolar (61.0%) while in vertical plane it was found to be located inferior to the apex of second premolar (72.2%). Conclusion : Mental foramen exists in different locations and possesses many variations. Hence, Individual, gender, age, race and assessing technique largely influence these variations. It suggests that the clinicians should carefully identify these anatomical landmarks, by analyzing all influencing factors, prior to their diagnostic or the other dental, surgical and implant operation.

Réaction géotropique des différents types de racines chez l'hévéa (Hevea brasiliensis)

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1910-1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Le Roux ◽  
Loïc Pagès
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Growth Direction ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Original Direction ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Secondary Roots ◽  
Root Observation

To describe the different types of geotropic reactions of hevea (Hevea brasiliensis), young seedlings were cultivated in root observation boxes and submitted to a double gravistimulation (90° rotation of the minirhizotrons in the vertical plane). It was demonstrated that the taproot is a strongly orthogeotropie organ since it resumed rapidly its prestimulation vertical position. Morphological and morphogenetic modifications were associated with the geotropic response: reduced speed of growth coupled with a reduction of the apical diameter as well as an alteration of ramification density in the curving zone and the following one. Early secondary roots showed a somewhat reduced orthogeotropism that was weaker as the growth direction before gravistimulation was more distant from the vertical. Secondary roots of the acropetal sequence were semiplagiotropic, that is only those roots oriented upward after the gravistimulation resumed, more or less, the original direction. Tertiary roots didn't respond to the gravistimulation and therefore were ageotropic. Complementary observations conducted in large laboratory rhizotrons showed that late forming secondary roots were plagiotropic in their younger stages, thereafter loosing most of their sensitivity to gravity. Quaternary roots were ageotropic. On the basis of these data, a geotropic gradient was defined within the hevea root system, where the strongly responding taproot and late secondary roots are opposed to the weakly or nonresponding tertiary and quaternary roots. Functional significations of these differential geotropic reactions in different hevea root types are discussed. Keywords: geotropism, gravistimulation, root system, growth, development, morphogenesis, root observation box, Hevea brasiliensis. [Journal translation]

Decay of the Falling Wavy Liquids Films at Nonstationary Heat Release

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr N. Pavlenko ◽  
Anton S. Surtaev ◽  
Irina P. Starodubtseva ◽  
Oleg A. Volodin ◽  
Andrei N. Chernyavskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Liquid Film ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Heat Flux Density ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Liquid Films ◽  
The Self ◽  
Nonstationary Heat ◽  
Boiling Incipience

This paper deals with investigation results on boiling up and crisis phenomena for nonstationary heat release in falling liquid films. According to the experimental results, in the studied range of irrigation degree alteration (Rein = 50–1300), parameters, characterizing decay of the falling liquid film with stepped heat release (distribution of time of boiling incipience along the liquid film, velocities of movable boundaries in the boiling-up and drying fronts), depend complexly on the Reynolds number, wave characteristics and heat flux density. Experiments were carried out with the use liquid nitrogen. Step-wise heat release was supplied on the vertical plane constantan foil of the 25-mkm thickness and 40-mm length. When loading impulses of high intensity, film decay is determined by dynamic characteristics of propagation of the self-maintained fronts of evaporation and the complex shape of structures, formed during its development. The effect of heat flux density on the time of boiling-up expectation and structures of evaporation fronts is shown for different Reynolds numbers. The experimental data obtained on the average propagation velocity of the self-maintained front of evaporation are compared with the simulation model results.

Detection of GNSS Horizontal Position Error Using 3D-Track Map

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jonas
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Position Error ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Horizontal Position ◽  
Safety Concept ◽  
Railway Safety ◽  
Position Solution

The increasing progress in the field of satellite navigation systems (GNSS, SBAS) in the recent decades supports effort to use it for determination of train position for railway safety-related systems. Satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) such as WAAS in the USA, and EGNOS in Europe, are available and a new global satellite navigation system Galileo is being built by the European GNSS agency (GSA). The currently available SBAS systems were developed in order to satisfy aviation requirements. But the safety concept on railways is very different from the aviation safety concept. The railway safety concept in Europe is determined by means of the CENELEC standards (EN 50126, EN 50129, EN IEC 61508). So it is necessary to find a way how to use GNSS systems in accordance with strict railway standards. The main problem is attainment of sufficient integrity of position solution [5, 12]. Satisfaction of safety integrity level 4 (SIL4) is necessary for railways [6, 7, 8, 9]. At the beginning, it can provide low-cost controlling system for the local, regional and freight railway lines. GNSS provides a 3D position (position in horizontal and vertical plane). The value of altitude is cruical for application in aviation, in ground transportation this value is not so important. On the contrary, the value of horizontal position is cruical. For the purpose of increasing the integrity of GNSS-based position determination we propose a new method of the detection of a GNSS horizontal position error based on the relation between vertical and horizontal position error. As was mentioned for example in [4], as GPS is a three dimensional positioning system, errors between any two coordinates may be correlated, and so there can be relations between errors in individual dimensions. The general 3D GPS-based position solution can be divided into two parts: - 2D horizontal position - 1D vertical position We investigated the relation between errors in the horizontal and vertical plane in real data measured by a GNSS receiver. It was static measurement and the antenna location was exactly known. The vertical position provided by GNSS is not constant. In ground transportation we can mostly make an assumption of nearly a constant value of altitude during the ride. Especially in railway transportation the changing of altitude during the ride is limited by many factors (railway standards, properties of track) So we investigate the possibility of using values of altitude to estimate a position error in the horizontal plane. As the receiver determines the values of the vertical position in real time, the detection of the horizontal position error based on the values of altitude can help detect the actual position error in horizontal plane during the train ride also in real time. The sensitivity of this method to errors in pseudoranges (error caused by multipath) was also investigated. This was done by simulation with software receiver Pegasus (Eurocontrol). The analysis was based on real data from GNSS.

scholarly journals Experiments with rotating liquid films

1912 ◽  
Vol 87 (596) ◽  
pp. 340-350 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soap Solution ◽  
Vertical Section ◽  
Circular Cross Section ◽  
Liquid Films ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Great Work ◽  
Detailed Explanation ◽  
Plane Film ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Plane Form

Plateau, in his great work ‘Statique des Liquides,’ has given a very short description of an experiment by Eisenlohr, who enclosed in a vacuous globe of glass some soap solution. On manipulating the globe he obtained films crossing the globe, and on rotating the globe he obtained coloured rings in the film. So far as I can understand the very short description, the position of the film must have been a matter of chance, and consequently the curvature, so that to obtain a plane film by this method would have been a matter of chance, and obviously it would have been impossible to manipulate with the film itself. Not knowing of this experiment, I desired last year to make some experiments with rotating films, and designed and constructed for the purpose the apparatus I am about to describe, and the phenomena obtained are so interesting and beautiful that I wish to present to the Royal Society a short but sufficient account of them. I intend to make a more detailed explanation in the form of an additional chapter to my book on ‘Soap Bubbles’ (published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge). I have made up the apparatus in many forms and sizes, but for observing the phenomena I have found that to be described the most suitable. A cheaper form is being made and will shortly be available for general use. Referring to the figure, which is a vertical section, a box of circular cross-section is mounted upon a tubular support into which a steel ball has been forced. The whole runs on a steel upright fixed in a heavy tripod with three levelling screws. A number of pulley grooves make it possible to turn the box at very different speeds by means of a string driven by a small motor, but the most convenient method of driving for ordinary observation is by rolling the hand or fingers over the tubular support, which is roughened to increase the friction. A transparent conical cover of thin celluloid fits easily over the box. A central binding screw made of brass is secured to the celluloid, and through the centre of this there is a small hole fitted with a conical stopper which can be removed or replaced while the box is spinning. The inturned rim is drilled with a number of holes, so that when a film is stretched on the feather edge of the rim there is free air communication between the air in the two spaces above and below the film; this is essential where it is desired to maintain the plane form of the film. When the film is curved the brilliance and beauty of the phenomena are not so marked. The interior of the box is dead black. The diameter of the film in the apparatus now described is 4 inches (10 cm.), but I have made them both much larger and much smaller.

scholarly journals Clinical and anatomical study of the human mental foramen

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amer Smajilagić ◽  
Faruk Dilberović
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Mental Foramen ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Clinical Anatomy ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Posterior Border ◽  
Posterior Teeth

The great diffusion of the surgical techniques in jaws surgery and the progress of the radiological imagining procedures expressed many interest in clinical anatomy of the mental foramen (MF). The study goal was to determine the precise location of the MF and the surrounding anatomical landmarks. Measurements of the MF position relative to the surgical landmarks and related posterior teeth were made on 20 dry mandibles with complete dentition and intact alveolar bridge obtained from the Institute of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University in Sarajevo. The measurements were made by anthropometric methods on the booth sides of the mandible, and compared with measurement made on the orthopantomogram radiographs of the same mandibles. The most common position of the MF was in line with the longitudinal axis of the second premolar. In the vertical plane on the skulls the MF lays in the midpoint of the distance between the lower border of the mandible and the alveolar margin, however on the orthopantomogram MF appeared slightly bellow the midpoint. In the horizontal plane it lays approximately one third of the distance between the mandibular symphysis and the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible measurement from A-P projection and one quarter of that distance measurement from the profile projection. There were no significant differences between distances MF from posterior border of the ramus of the mandible measurement from A-P and profile projection and the one obtained on orthopantomogram and their ratio is constant value determine das 1,065. The MF was on average 25 mm lateral to the mandibular skeletal midline and symmetrical, and symmetry was preserved on the orthopantomogram. The measurement showed significant differences in distances of M from superior border mandible measurement on dry mandible and orthopantomogram radiographs while distance bellow the MF was not significantly different. The constant values of MF distance to the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible measured as 1,065 and the distance to the medial skeletal line of 2,11 made it possible to also determine average angle of 43 degrees stream of the cor-pus of the mandible behind MF. These values in combination with ratios of MF to the different anatomic landmarks designated as relative horizontal and relative vertical position, would be of importance not only from anatomical but also from practical point of view for estimation of alveolar bridge resorption and preoperative analysis in orthognat postresection or implant surgery in the mandible.

II.—On the Motion, Equilibrium, and Forms of Liquid Films

1868 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
David Brewster
Keyword(s):  
Original Film ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Original System ◽  
Liquid Films ◽  
Watch Glass ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Inner Surface ◽  
Wine Glass ◽  
Run Up

I. On some Transformations in Films when brought in contact with Surfaces of Glass.(1.) Let a film be formed on the rim of a cylindrical wine-glass, at or very near its margin; cover it immediately with a watch-glass, and holding the latter firmly in its place, invert the whole, so that the film is placed in a vertical position. The film will now attach itself to the watch-glass at the lowest point where it is in contact with the margin of the wine-glass, and will run up the concave surface of the former. At the same time, the film will leave the margin of the wine-glass at its upper edge, and retreat into the glass, running down its inner surface. A film of the form of the segment of a sphere will thus be produced, which, with the upper portions of the inner surfaces of the watch-glass and wine-glass, will form a hollow filled with air, as shown in fig. 1. This state of matters will remain the same, in whatever position we now place the wine-glass, the figure which has thus been produced being one of equilibrium. The phenomenon produced arises from the fact, that when the original film is first taken up on the margin of the wine-glass, a drop of liquid always remains in the bottom of the glass, and when the glass is inverted, so as to bring the film into the vertical position, this drop runs down the inner surface of the glass till, reaching its lowest point, it brings the film into close contact with the watch-glass; the film now attaches itself to and spreads itself over the surface of the latter in a similar way to what takes place when a bubble blown from a pipe is brought into contact with any smooth surface, whilst the original system of equilibrium being now disturbed, the upper part of the film is put in motion, and a new system of equilibrium is formed.

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