Equilibrium between Sulphuric Acid and Sulphates in Aqueous Solution

1899 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 484-522
Author(s):  
Sydney A. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Free Acid ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Law Of Mass Action ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
General Law ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Mutual Action

In the year 1847, as one of the results of an investigation to determine the part played by the mass action of water in chemical reactions, H. Rose (Pogg. Ann., lxxxii. 545) showed that an acid sulphate in aqueous solution is progressively decomposed into free acid and neutral sulphate by increasing quantities of water. His observations were confirmed and extended by the thermo-chemical researches of Thomsen (Pogg. Ann. 1869, cxxxviii. 72), and Berthelot (Ann. Chim. Phys., 1873, xxix. 433), who indicated more exactly the course and extent of this decomposition, and from whose work it is known that in the solution of an acid sulphate there exist free sulphuric acid, neutral sulphate and acid sulphate. Finally Ostwald, in his first memoir on chemical affinity (Jour, prakt. Cliem. 1879, xix. 483), showed how to determine the magnitude of this decomposition, and was able to approximately measure the quantity of free acid in solutions of the acid sulphates at different dilutions. In a later paper (ibid., 1880, xxii. 305), Ostwald investigated the question of the influence of water on the action between sulphuric acid and a neutral sulphate. He measured the changes of volume which occurred when solutions of sulphuric acid and sodium sulphate were mixed in varying proportions, and at different dilutions, and obtained results in agreement with his previous work. He also pointed out, that if the mutual action between the acid and neutral sulphate obeyed the general law of mass action, it should follow that, for example, one molecule sodium sulphate plus three molecules sulphuric acid, give the same quantity of acid sulphate as one molecule sulphuric acid, and three molecules sodium sulphate, the volume of the mixture being the same in each case.

On the mutual action of sulphuric acid and naphthaline, and on a new acid produced

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 265-265
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Pure Acid ◽  
Sour Taste ◽  
Distinct Class ◽  
Mutual Action

In this communication Mr. Faraday shows that when sulphuric acid and naphthaline act upon each other, a peculiar compound pos­sessed of distinct acid characters is the result. This acid is most readily obtained by heating two parts of naphthaline with one of sulphuric acid. The mixture concretes on cooling, and separates into two parts, the uppermost of which is little else than naphthaline, but the lower, heavier part contains the peculiar acid, which, being soluble in water, is easily separated by that fluid, not, however, pure, but still containing mixed sulphuric acid. The author, however, ob­tained the pure acid by decomposing its compound with baryta, which is soluble, by sulphuric acid. It then had a bitter sour taste, and formed a distinct class of salts with the different bases, all of which are soluble in water and in alcohol, and combustible. By careful evaporation of the aqueous solution of this acid, a white crystalline deliquescent solution was obtained, evolving water when heated, and at high temperatures affording sulphurous acid, char­coal, and naphthaline. To determine the ultimate component parts of this acid, its compound with baryta was subjected to rigid analysis.

scholarly journals Genetic recombination as a generalised gradient flow

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic Alberti
Keyword(s):  
Arbitrary Number ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Reaction Network ◽  
Gradient Flow ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Gradient System ◽  
Gradient Structure ◽  
Law Of Mass Action ◽  
Reversible Chemical Reaction ◽  
Time Partitioning

AbstractIt is well known that the classical recombination equation for two parent individuals is equivalent to the law of mass action of a strongly reversible chemical reaction network, and can thus be reformulated as a generalised gradient system. Here, this is generalised to the case of an arbitrary number of parents. Furthermore, the gradient structure of the backward-time partitioning process is investigated.

The synthesis of Cyclododecane-r-1,c-5,c-9-triamine and r-1,c-5,c-9-Tris(2,3-dimethoxybenzamido)cyclododecane

1975 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Collins ◽  
C Lewis ◽  
JM Swan
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Dimethyl Formamide ◽  
Lithium Aluminium Hydride ◽  
Lithium Aluminium ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Treatment of cyclododecane-r-1,c-5,c-9-triyl tris(p-toluenesulphonate) with sodium azide in dimethyl-formamide at 100� for 6 h gave the corresponding cis,cis-triazide which upon hydrogenation or reduction with lithium aluminium hydride gave cyclododecane-r-1,c-5,c-9-triamine, isolated as the tris-salicylidene derivative. Acid hydrolysis of this, removal of the salicylaldehyde, and treatment of the aqueous solution with sodium carbonate and 2,3-dimethoxybenzoyl chloride gave r-1,c-5,c- 9-tris(2,3-dimethoxybenzamido)cyclododecane. ��� Treatment of (E,E,E)-cyclododeca-1,5,9-triene with an excess of acetonitrile and sulphuric acid at room temperature for three days gave 18% of (E,E)-1-acetamidocyclododeca-4,8-diene; no di- or tri-amides were isolated.

The Law of Mass Action

2001 ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
Bruce Hannon ◽  
Matthias Ruth
Keyword(s):  
Mass Action ◽  
Law Of Mass Action ◽  
The Law

THE SORPTION OF ACIDS BY WOOL

1949 ◽  
Vol 27b (12) ◽  
pp. 879-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Donovan ◽  
P. Larose
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Adsorption Isotherm ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm ◽  
Langmuir Equation ◽  
Recent Application ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Isotherm Equation ◽  
Langmuir Adsorption

The amount of acid sorbed by wool from solutions of sulphuric acid of four different strengths (namely, 0.0505, 0.0339, 0.0182, and 0.0101 molar) and containing sodium sulphate in amounts varying up to 0.16 molar has been determined. It has been found that the presence of the salt has little effect on the quantity of acid sorbed within those limits. The results are analyzed in the light of the theory of Gilbert and Rideal but this theory fails to give a satisfactory explanation of the results obtained. It is possible, however, to explain the results of the authors' experiments on the basis of the recent application of the Donnan equilibrium by Peters and Speakman. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation has been applied to data on the absorption of hydrochloric acid and of sulphuric acid by wool. The data appear to fit the Langmuir equation and give, for the maximum combining capacity, values that agree well with those estimated in other ways.

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