Analysis of Airborne Particles with Particular Emphasis on Automobile Exhausts

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 538-539
Author(s):  
Gene R. Grieger
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscope ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Airborne Particles ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Catalytic Converters ◽  
Unleaded Gasoline ◽  
Exhaust Systems

The size range of exhaust emissions from automobiles tends to be below the limit of resolution of the light microscope. There is at the present time considerable interest in the particulate emissions from automobiles both using leaded and unleaded gasoline and in particular there is interest in modifications to thes-e emissions which may occur for example by the use of catalytic converters in exhaust systems.

scholarly journals Novel repurposing of a Laerdal Airway trainer to simulate aerosolisation

2021 ◽  
pp. bmjstel-2020-000802
Author(s):  
Sven Peter Oman ◽  
Scott Helgeson ◽  
Philip Lowman ◽  
Pablo Moreno Franco ◽  
Jonathan Tomshine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airway Management ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Airborne Particles ◽  
Exposure Risk ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
The Usa

COVID-19 has claimed over 200 000 lives in the USA and put healthcare workers at risk. Healthcare workers have an increased exposure risk from aerosol-generating procedures such as endotracheal intubation. New barrier designs such as the acrylic box and horizontal plastic drape have emerged to reduce exposure to airborne particles. Particle generating models are needed to test aerosol generating procedure (AGP) barrier designs. To achieve this, an aerosol model that generates a visible and measurable increase in particles which SARS-CoV-2 could travel on and that can also be intubated was created. The model was created using a Laerdal Airway Management Trainer (Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) combined with a nebuliser and Ambu bag-valve resuscitator (Ambu, Columbia, Maryland, USA). Nebulised Glo Germ (Glo Germ, Moab, Utah, USA) dissolved in saline solution was moved through the tubing and out of the mannequin’s mouth with compression of the Ambu bag. This nebulisation was visualised under ultraviolet light and the quantity of particles between 0.3 and 10.0 μm was measured with a particle counter. Nebulisation was visible exiting the mouth of the mannequin. Nebulised Glo Germ was visualised under ultraviolet light moving in the ambient air. Particles in the size range of 0.3–0.5 µm increased by 20-fold and 1–10 µm increased by 10 252%. SARS-CoV-2 can travel on aerosol and droplet particles and particle generating models are needed to visualise and measure exposure areas and the path particles take during AGPs. We used existing medical and simulation supplies to create a particle simulator.

scholarly journals Exhaust emissions of methanol and ethanol-unleaded gasoline blends in a spark-ignition engine

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şehmus Altun ◽  
Hakan Öztop ◽  
Cengiz Öner ◽  
Yasin Varol
Keyword(s):  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Unleaded Gasoline

Microisolation of the chicken Z chromosome and construction off microclone libraries

Genome ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 865-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Régis Zimmer ◽  
Alon Haberfeld ◽  
Ann M. Verrinder Gibbins
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscope ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Southern Blot Hybridization ◽  
Z Chromosome ◽  
Mitotic Metaphase ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Dna Library ◽  
Male Chicken

A simple method was used to adapt a standard light microscope for the collection of chicken Z chromosomes from mitotic-metaphase spreads. The DNA of the collected chromosomes was enzymatically amplified using a partially degenerate primer. The resulting sequences, within a size range of 200–800 bp, were cloned to produce a Z chromosome DNA library, using blunt-end ligation into a SmaI-digested pUC18 plasmid (the SureClone system; Pharmacia, U.S.A.). The microcloning experiments produced 1250 clones; the size range of the cloned inserts was 250–800 bp, with an average of 480 bp (176 clones examined). Using male chicken genomic DNA as a probe, 10 out of 17 randomly selected clones showed strong positive signals on Southern blots, confirming the origin of the inserts as chicken DNA. In addition, the Z-chromosome origin of a selected microclone was verified in a semiquantitative Southern blot hybridization that showed positive signals with intensities that were approximately twice as strong for male (ZZ) as for female (ZW) chicken genomic DNA when the clone was used as a probe. The value of these libraries in further analysis of the chicken Z chromosome is discussed.Key words: microdissection, microcloning, chicken Z chromosome.

Effect of unleaded gasoline blended with biofuels on gasoline injector wear and exhaust emissions

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
De-Xing Peng
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Fuel Additive ◽  
Unleaded Gasoline ◽  
High Oxygen Content ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gasoline Engines ◽  
Blended Fuels

Purpose To prolong engine life and reduce exhaust pollution caused by gasoline engines, the aim of this paper was to compare the lubrication properties of biofuel (ethanol) blends and pure unleaded gasoline. Design/methodology/approach Biofuels with a concentration of 0, 1, 2, 5 and 10 per cent were added to unleaded gasoline to form ethanol-blended fuels named E0, E1, E2, E5 and E10. Next, the ethanol-blended fuels and unleaded gasoline were used to power engines to facilitate comparisons between the pollution created from exhaust emissions. Findings Using ethanol as a fuel additive in pure unleaded gasoline improves engine performance and reduces exhaust emissions. Because bioethanol does not contain lead but contains low aromatic and high oxygen content, it induces more complete combustion compared with conventional unleaded gasoline. Originality/value Using biofuels as auxiliary fuel reduces environmental pollution, strengthens local agricultural economy, creates employment opportunities and reduces demand for fossil fuels.

scholarly journals The effect of platinum-rhodium active coating application in self-ignition engine on policyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration in exhausts

2008 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Anna JANICKA ◽  
Wojciech WALKOWIAK ◽  
Włodzimierz SZCZEPANIAK
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Anthropogenic Source ◽  
Catalytic Converters ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Coating Application ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Active Coating ◽  
Exhaust Systems

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic group of substances. One of the most important anthropogenic source of these hydrocarbons is motorization (especially diesel engines). The most effective method of PAHs removal from exhaust gasses is using catalytic converters in vehicle exhaust systems. This paper presents results of measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions from self-ignition engine with platinum-rhodium active coating application inside.

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