Simulation and Optimization of Internal Combustion Engines

Simulation and Optimization of Internal Combustion Engines provides the fundamentals and up-to-date progress in multidimensional simulation and optimization of internal combustion engines. While it is impossible to include all the models in a single book, this book intends to introduce the pioneer and/or the often-used models and the physics behind them providing readers with ready-to-use knowledge. Key issues, useful modeling methodology and techniques, as well as instructive results, are discussed through examples. Readers will understand the fundamentals of these examples and be inspired to explore new ideas and means for better solutions in their studies and work. Topics include combustion basis of IC engines, mathematical descriptions of reactive flow with sprays, engine in-cylinder turbulence, fuel sprays, combustions and pollutant emissions, optimization of direct-injection gasoline engines, and optimization of diesel and alternative fuel engines.

Non-combustion non-solar deployment characterization of a free-piston Stirling engine to integrate with an exothermic reactor

Background: A small 1 kW free-piston β type Stirling engine was tested for its feasibility of integration with an exothermic reactor under the EU funded research project SOCRATCES (GA 727348). The engine’s heat receptor was minimally modified to adapt it to the reactor’s integration needs, introducing, instead of a combustion chamber, a CFD-optimized hooded enclosure. The open-loop configuration also included a small plate heat exchanger acting as a recuperator. The study attempted to investigate the performance of the Stirling engine under these non-combustion non-solar deployment conditions, focusing on conversion efficiency and thermal loss. Methods: A number of tests were run under different temperatures and flowrates to assess the engine’s response. Temperature, power, pressure and flowrate were measured at points of interest. Results: It was found that the engine is able to operate at efficiencies comparable to that of gasoline engines at much lower working fluid temperatures. It was possible to demonstrate, with the aid of a downstream recuperator, that the system in an open-loop configuration can minimize thermal loss significantly, virtually eliminating it in some cases. Conclusions: The Stirling engine appears to be a sound choice, in terms of conversion efficiency, at comparatively low temperatures, to be integrated with an exothermic reactor, at least at small-scale applications.

PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS BASED ON HUMAN FESSES AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY FOR REMOTE AREAS APPLICATION

The utilise of biogas for remote areas is a problem because it is challenging to supply hydrogen. Hence a study of the utilisation of human fesses as biogas raw material for biogas production is proposed. Due to high investment costs to build miniature power plants, modified gasoline engines are used as mini power plants even though it is a laboratory scale. Based on results, human fesses can be used as raw material for biogas production. Performance engine using biogas derived from human fesses is 9% different from LPG. The maximum efficiency of the biogas system is 32%, and that of the LPG is 41%.

Deferoxamine Treatment Improves Antioxidant Cosmeceutical Formulation Protection against Cutaneous Diesel Engine Exhaust Exposure

Skin is one of the main targets of the outdoor stressors. Considering that pollution levels are rising progressively, it is not surprising that several cutaneous conditions have been associated with its exposure. Among the pollutants, diesel engine exhaust (DEE) represents one of the most toxic, as it is composed of a mixture of many different noxious chemicals generated during the compression cycle, for ignition rather than an electrical spark as in gasoline engines. The toxic chemicals of most concern in DEE, besides the oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and various hydrocarbons, are metals that can induce oxidative stress and inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of topical application, singularly or in combination, of the iron-chelator deferoxamine and a commercially available formulation, CE Ferulic, in up to 4-day DEE-exposed skin. DEE induced a significant increase in the oxidative marker 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4HNE) and matrix-metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), the loss of cutaneous-barrier-associated proteins (filaggrin and involucrin) and a decrease in collagen-1, while the formulations prevented the cutaneous damage in an additive manner. In conclusion, this study suggests that iron plays a key role in DEE-induced skin damage and its chelation could be an adjuvant strategy to reinforce antioxidant topical formulations.

Optimize Thermal Management And Experiment Of Lifepo4 Battery Pack For Hybrid Electrical Vehicle

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) combines the benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors which can be configured for improving fuel efficiency. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) Phosphate based technology possesses superior thermal and chemical stability which provides better safety characteristics than those of Lithium-ion technology made with other cathode materials. This research conducted by two methods , methods of part 1 is a comparison of the results with the thermal management simulation and experiment, part 2 is a method of optimizing the thermal management for battery pack by using solidwork software. When the fan is on, the forced air flow over the cells removes some of the generated heat. Results of method part 1 is simulation more heat than experiment in the amount of 0.11% – 1.56%. The results of the method part 2 is simulated using the fan 4 fan with a speed of 415 rad/s and battery gap 30mm most efficient compared with 4 fans the other , while the simulation using 6 fan, fan speed 415 rad/s and battery gap 30mm most efficient for all.

Impact of Blow-By Gas and Endgap Ring Position on the Variations of Particle Emissions in Gasoline Engines

Particulate emission from internal combustion engines is a complex phenomenon that needs to be understood in order to identify its main factors. To this end, it appears necessary to study the impact of unburned gases, called blow-by gases, which are reinjected into the engine intake system. A series of transient tests demonstrate their significant contribution since the particle emissions of spark-ignition engines are 1.5 times higher than those of an engine without blow-by with a standard deviation 1.5 times greater. After analysis, it is found that the decanter is not effective enough to remove completely the oil from the gases. Tests without blow-by gases also have the advantage of having a lower disparity, and therefore of being more repeatable. It appears that the position of the “endgap” formed by the first two rings has a significant impact on the amount of oil transported towards the combustion chamber by the backflow, and consequently on the variation of particle emissions. For this engine and for this transient, 57% of the particulate emissions are related to the equivalence ratio, while 31% are directly related to the ability of the decanter to remove the oil of the blowby gases and 12% of the emissions come from the backflow. The novelty of this work is to relate the particles fluctuation to the position of the endgap ring.