Silicic Acid Analogs Affect Silica Body Assembly and Cell Wall Deposition Mechanisms in Urtica Pillulifera Stinging Cells

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 340-341
Author(s):  
Arthur E. Sowers
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Macromolecular Assembly ◽  
Secondary Silica ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cell Wall Deposition ◽  
Schematic Form

All living organisms possess structures which are the result of macromolecular assembly processes. The mechanism and regulation of these processes is of fundamental importance and has a bearing on the structure and function problem. In the present research effort the phenomenon of silicification in the plant cell wall was the model assembly process. The silica rich cell wall of the Urtica pillulifera (common name: stinging nettle) stinging cell (shown in schematic form in Fig. 1) was the model system which displayed the phenomenon being studied. The silica is present in the form of electron- dense bodies with roughly spherical shapes. Based on morphology, the silica bodies fall into two classes: (1) primary silica bodies (Figs. 2,3) which have a narrow diameter distribution ( ave. = 50 nm ) and a compact and relatively lew electron density, and (2) secondary silica bodies (Fig. 4).

scholarly journals Hitting the Wall—Sensing and Signaling Pathways Involved in Plant Cell Wall Remodeling in Response to Abiotic Stress

Plants ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lazar Novaković ◽  
Tingting Guo ◽  
Antony Bacic ◽  
Arun Sampathkumar ◽  
Kim Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Cell Wall Remodeling ◽  
Dynamic Cell ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Cell Wall Deposition ◽  
Cell Wall Properties

Plant cells are surrounded by highly dynamic cell walls that play important roles regulating aspects of plant development. Recent advances in visualization and measurement of cell wall properties have enabled accumulation of new data about wall architecture and biomechanics. This has resulted in greater understanding of the dynamics of cell wall deposition and remodeling. The cell wall is the first line of defense against different adverse abiotic and biotic environmental influences. Different abiotic stress conditions such as salinity, drought, and frost trigger production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which act as important signaling molecules in stress activated cellular responses. Detection of ROS by still-elusive receptors triggers numerous signaling events that result in production of different protective compounds or even cell death, but most notably in stress-induced cell wall remodeling. This is mediated by different plant hormones, of which the most studied are jasmonic acid and brassinosteroids. In this review we highlight key factors involved in sensing, signal transduction, and response(s) to abiotic stress and how these mechanisms are related to cell wall-associated stress acclimatization. ROS, plant hormones, cell wall remodeling enzymes and different wall mechanosensors act coordinately during abiotic stress, resulting in abiotic stress wall acclimatization, enabling plants to survive adverse environmental conditions.

scholarly journals CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Technology: A Valuable Tool for Understanding Plant Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Allan M. Showalter
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Gene Targeting ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Genetic Crossing ◽  
And Function

For the past 5 years, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology has appeared in the molecular biology research spotlight. As a game-changing player in genome editing, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized animal research, including medical research and human gene therapy as well as plant science research, particularly for crop improvement. One of the most common applications of CRISPR/Cas9 is to generate genetic knock-out mutants. Recently, several multiplex genome editing approaches utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 were developed and applied in various aspects of plant research. Here we summarize these approaches as they relate to plants, particularly with respect to understanding the biosynthesis and function of the plant cell wall. The plant cell wall is a polysaccharide-rich cell structure that is vital to plant cell formation, growth, and development. Humans are heavily dependent on the byproducts of the plant cell wall such as shelter, food, clothes, and fuel. Genes involved in the assembly of the plant cell wall are often highly redundant. To identify these redundant genes, higher-order knock-out mutants need to be generated, which is conventionally done by genetic crossing. Compared with genetic crossing, CRISPR/Cas9 multi-gene targeting can greatly shorten the process of higher-order mutant generation and screening, which is especially useful to characterize cell wall related genes in plant species that require longer growth time. Moreover, CRISPR/Cas9 makes it possible to knock out genes when null T-DNA mutants are not available or are genetically linked. Because of these advantages, CRISPR/Cas9 is becoming an ideal and indispensable tool to perform functional studies in plant cell wall research. In this review, we provide perspectives on how to design CRISPR/Cas9 to achieve efficient gene editing and multi-gene targeting in plants. We also discuss the recent development of the virus-based CRISPR/Cas9 system and the application of CRISPR/Cas9 to knock in genes. Lastly, we summarized current progress on using CRISPR/Cas9 for the characterization of plant cell wall-related genes.

Structure and function studies of plant cell wall polysaccharides

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Albersheim ◽  
Jinhua An ◽  
Glenn Freshour ◽  
Melvin S. Fuller ◽  
Rafael Guillen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
And Function

Synthesis, assembly and function of plant cell wall macromolecules selected

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 672
Author(s):  
Samuel Levy ◽  
L.Andrew Staehelin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
And Function

Studies on the structure and function cellulases and hemicellulases.

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 154-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. Gilbert ◽  
G.P. Hazlewood
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Large Molecular Weight ◽  
Integral Structures ◽  
And Function ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Plant structural polysaccharides provide a major source of nutrient for ruminant livestock. These carbohydrates are not degraded by mammalian-derived enzymes, but are hydrolysed by rumen microbial plant cell wall hydrolases. In view of the pivotal role of microbial cellulases and xylanases in ruminant nutrition, there has been considerable interest in these enzymes. In this paper we wish to illustrate how recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology can be utilised to dissect the biochemistry and molecular architecture of these enzymes, and provides us with the opportunity of generating novel cellulases and xylanases with increased capacity to hydrolyse the plant cell wall.In general cellulases and xylanases from anaerobic microbes associate into large molecular weight complexes, whose integral structures are responsible for the efficient hydrolysis of plant structural polysaccharides. The feasibility of altering these complexes, or transferring them to other organisms represents a significant challenge.

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