Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
P. Sadhukhan ◽  
J. B. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

Oxygen Reduction Activity on a Nanosized Perovskite-Type Oxide Prepared by Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsukasa Nagai ◽  
Naoko Fujiwara ◽  
Mitsunori Kitta ◽  
Masafumi Asahi ◽  
Shin-ichi Yamazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Oxygen Reduction ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone ◽  
Disk Electrode ◽  
Conventional Solid State Reaction ◽  
Perovskite Type Oxide ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Perovskite Type

A nanosized perovskite-type oxide supported on carbon black (perovskite/C) was prepared by the polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) addition method and subsequent mechanical milling with carbon black. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM)–energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping clearly revealed that the oxide prepared by the PVP method was small (ca. 20 nm) and highly dispersed on the carbon support. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity on the perovskite/C catalyst was investigated with rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) measurement in an alkaline solution at 25 °C. The prepared perovskite/C catalyst showed enhanced activity compared to catalysts obtained by the conventional solid state reaction and citrate process; i.e., a positive shift of the onset potential and increased ORR current at a disk electrode. The present catalyst was also associated with decreased ring current.

Flat interfaces in zinc oxide-based varistor ceramics

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 474-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gun Yong Sung ◽  
Stuart McKernan ◽  
C. Barry Carter
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution Imaging ◽  
Anisotropic Growth ◽  
Orientation Relationships ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Resolution Imaging

Four types of structurally different, flat interfaces have been observed in ZnO-based varistor ceramics containing metal-oxides additives (Bi, Mn, and Ti) by bright-field and high-resolution imaging in a transmission electron microscope. Orientation relationships have been characterized by selected-area diffraction. The faceting of ZnO grains when in contact with β–Bi2O3 is discussed in relation to the anisotropic growth of the ZnO grains which leads to pronounced faceting parallel to (0001) planes.

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Carbon Blacks

1993 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seog-Jun Kim ◽  
Darrell H. Reneker
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Pyrolytic Graphite ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Stm Images

Abstract Three kinds of carbon black, HAF (high abrasion furnace, N330), MT (medium thermal, N990), and graphitized MT were observed with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), the transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) All the STM images are formed from measurements of the x, t, and z position of points on the surface of the particle. The STM images of carbon blacks were compared to transmission electron microscope (TEM) photographs. Pitted and stepped bumps were observed on the surface of HAF carbon black. The surface of MT carbon black was more rough and disorganized At the atomic scale, ordered structure was found on the surface of HAF carbon-black particles Graphitized MT carbon-black particles were faceted polyhedra. Some facets were smooth while others had multiple terraces. The surface of graphitized MT carbon black was so well ordered that a lattice of carbon atoms similar to HOPG (highly ordered pyrolytic graphite) was observed on the smooth facets.

A Reproducible Selective Stain for Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
R. A. Waugh ◽  
J. R. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Transmission Electron

Cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a complex system of intracellular tubules that, due to their small size and juxtaposition to such electron-dense structures as mitochondria and myofibrils, are often inconspicuous in conventionally prepared electron microscopic material. This study reports a method with which the SR is selectively “stained” which facilitates visualizationwith the transmission electron microscope.

Surface Structure of the Spores of Glugea Weissenbergi

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 238-239
Author(s):  
Sanford H. Vernick ◽  
Anastasios Tousimis ◽  
Victor Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Mature Spore ◽  
Spore Surface ◽  
Sectioned Material ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Surface Detail

Recent electron microscope studies have greatly expanded our knowledge of the structure of the Microsporida, particularly of the developing and mature spore. Since these studies involved mainly sectioned material, they have revealed much internal detail of the spores but relatively little surface detail. This report concerns observations on the spore surface by means of the transmission electron microscope.

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