Toward a neuroscope: An application of high-performance computing for real-time evaluation of brain function using MRI

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 922-923
Author(s):  
C. S. Potter ◽  
C. D. Gregory ◽  
H. D. Morris ◽  
Z.-P. Liang ◽  
P. C. Lauterbur
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Complex Signal ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Imaging And Spectroscopy ◽  
3D Anatomy

Over the past few years, several laboratories have demonstrated that changes in local neuronal activity associated with human brain function can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Using these methods, the effects of sensory and motor stimulation have been observed and cognitive studies have begun. These new methods promise to make possible even more rapid and extensive studies of brain organization and responses than those now in use, such as positron emission tomography.Human brain studies are enormously complex. Signal changes on the order of a few percent must be detected against the background of the complex 3D anatomy of the human brain. Today, most functional MR experiments are performed using several 2D slice images acquired at each time step or stimulation condition of the experimental protocol. It is generally believed that true 3D experiments must be performed for many cognitive experiments. To provide adequate resolution, this requires that data must be acquired faster and/or more efficiently to support 3D functional analysis.

TMS and positron emission tomography: methods and current advances

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartwig R. Siebner ◽  
Martin Peller ◽  
Lucy Lee
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Insight Into

This article provides an overview of how transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and positron emission tomography (PET) can be combined. It explains the methodology concerning the combination of TMS with PET and discusses the applications of this combination to study human brain function. TMS represents a nonphysiological means of producing or modulating neuronal activity in the human brain. PET imaging can make an important contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms of action of repetitive TMS and has the potential to determine neural correlates of compensatory plasticity in both healthy subjects and disease states. By using different sources of information, the TMS-PET approach provides insight into the neurophysiological effects of TMS on human brain function. The future use of TMS is to improve the understanding of how the nonphysiological mode of brain stimulation interacts with ‘normal’ activity in the human brain.

Frontier concept of rabi chip for intelligent humanoid

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Preecha Yupapin ◽  
Amiri I. S. ◽  
Ali J. ◽  
Ponsuwancharoen N. ◽  
Youplao P.
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Rabi Oscillation ◽  
Liquid Core ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
Dipole Oscillation ◽  
On Chip ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Robotic Applications ◽  
Atom System

The sequence of the human brain can be configured by the originated strongly coupling fields to a pair of the ionic substances(bio-cells) within the microtubules. From which the dipole oscillation begins and transports by the strong trapped force, which is known as a tweezer. The tweezers are the trapped polaritons, which are the electrical charges with information. They will be collected on the brain surface and transport via the liquid core guide wave, which is the mixture of blood content and water. The oscillation frequency is called the Rabi frequency, is formed by the two-level atom system. Our aim will manipulate the Rabi oscillation by an on-chip device, where the quantum outputs may help to form the realistic human brain function for humanoid robotic applications.

Click Chemistry Expedited Radiosynthesis: Sulfur [18F]fluoride Exchange of Aryl Fluorosulfates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinheng Zheng ◽  
Hongtao Xu ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Wen-Ge Han Du ◽  
Nan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Click Chemistry ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Isotopic Exchange ◽  
Tumor Imaging ◽  
Radiochemical Yield ◽  
Exchange Method ◽  
Molar Activity ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Sulfur Fluoride

The lack of simple, efficient [<sup>18</sup>F]fluorination processes and new target-specific organofluorine probes remains the major challenge of fluorine-18-based positron emission tomography (PET). We report here a fast isotopic exchange method for the radiosynthesis of aryl [<sup>18</sup>F]fluorosulfate based PET agents enabled by the emerging sulfur fluoride exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry. The method has been applied to the fully-automated <sup>18</sup>F-radiolabeling of twenty-five structurally diverse aryl fluorosulfates with excellent radiochemical yield (83–100%) and high molar activity (up to 281 GBq µmol<sup>–1</sup>) at room temperature in 30 seconds. The purification of radiotracers requires no time-consuming high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but rather a simple cartridge filtration. The utility of aryl [<sup>18</sup>F]fluorosulfate is demonstrated by the <i>in vivo</i> tumor imaging by targeting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1).

scholarly journals The Participation of Microglia in Neurogenesis: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 658
Author(s):  
Diego R. Pérez-Rodríguez ◽  
Idoia Blanco-Luquin ◽  
Maite Mendioroz
Keyword(s):  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Fine Tune

Adult neurogenesis was one of the most important discoveries of the last century, helping us to better understand brain function. Researchers recently discovered that microglia play an important role in this process. However, various questions remain concerning where, at what stage, and what types of microglia participate. In this review, we demonstrate that certain pools of microglia are determinant cells in different phases of the generation of new neurons. This sheds light on how cells cooperate in order to fine tune brain organization. It also provides us with a better understanding of distinct neuronal pathologies.

Integration of fMRI, NIROT and ERP for studies of human brain function

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Gore ◽  
Silvina G. Horovitz ◽  
Christopher J. Cannistraci ◽  
Pavel Skudlarski
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function

scholarly journals Auditory localization should be considered as a sign of minimally conscious state based on multimodal findings

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon Carrière ◽  
Helena Cassol ◽  
Charlène Aubinet ◽  
Rajanikant Panda ◽  
Aurore Thibaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Metabolism ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Minimally Conscious State ◽  
Conscious State ◽  
Auditory Localization ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
Minimally Conscious

Abstract Auditory localization (i.e. turning the head and/or the eyes towards an auditory stimulus) is often part of the clinical evaluation of patients recovering from coma. The objective of this study is to determine whether auditory localization could be considered as a new sign of minimally conscious state, using a multimodal approach. The presence of auditory localization and the clinical outcome at 2 years of follow-up were evaluated in 186 patients with severe brain injury, including 64 with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome, 28 in minimally conscious state minus, 71 in minimally conscious state plus and 23 who emerged from the minimally conscious state. Brain metabolism, functional connectivity and graph theory measures were investigated by means of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, functional MRI and high-density electroencephalography in two subgroups of unresponsive patients, with and without auditory localization. These two subgroups were also compared to a subgroup of patients in minimally conscious state minus. Auditory localization was observed in 13% of unresponsive patients, 46% of patients in minimally conscious state minus, 62% of patients in minimally conscious state plus and 78% of patients who emerged from the minimally conscious state. The probability to observe an auditory localization increased along with the level of consciousness, and the presence of auditory localization could predict the level of consciousness. Patients with auditory localization had higher survival rates (at 2-year follow-up) than those without localization. Differences in brain function were found between unresponsive patients with and without auditory localization. Higher connectivity in unresponsive patients with auditory localization was measured between the fronto-parietal network and secondary visual areas, and in the alpha band electroencephalography network. Moreover, patients in minimally conscious state minus significantly differed from unresponsive patients without auditory localization in terms of brain metabolism and alpha network centrality, whereas no difference was found with unresponsive patients who presented auditory localization. Our multimodal findings suggest differences in brain function between unresponsive patients with and without auditory localization, which support our hypothesis that auditory localization should be considered as a new sign of minimally conscious state. Unresponsive patients showing auditory localization should therefore no longer be considered unresponsive but minimally conscious. This would have crucial consequences on these patients’ lives as it would directly impact the therapeutic orientation or end-of-life decisions usually taken based on the diagnosis.

scholarly journals [18F]FEDAC translocator protein positron emission tomography–computed tomography for early detection of mitochondrial dysfunction secondary to myocardial ischemia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Luo ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Fei Ye ◽  
Yan-Rong Wang ◽  
Wei Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Myocardial Ischemia ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dynamic Imaging ◽  
Translocator Protein ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission

Abstract Background This study aimed to evaluate the biodistribution and kinetics of [18F]FEDAC targeting the translocator protein TSPO in the myocardium, and to explore its use for the identification of mitochondrial dysfunction. We also assessed the feasibility of [18F]FEDAC for the early detection of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with myocardial ischemia (MI). Methods The radiochemical purity and stability of [18F]FEDAC were analyzed by radio-high-performance liquid chromatography (radio-HPLC). Its biodistribution and kinetics were evaluated by dissection and dynamic imaging using micro-positron emission tomography–computed tomography (micro-PET–CT) in healthy mice. [18F]FEDAC was also applied in an MI rat model and in sham-operated controls. Mitochondrial changes were observed by immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopy. Results Radioactivity levels (%ID/g) in the myocardium in normal mice, determined by [18F]FEDAC, were 8.32 ± 0.80 at 5 min and 2.40 ± 0.10 at 60 min. PET showed significantly decreased uptake by injured cardiac tissue in MI rats, with maximal normal-to-ischemic uptake ratios of 10.47 ± 3.03 (1.5 min) and 3.92 ± 1.12 (27.5 min) (P = 0.025). Immunohistochemistry confirmed that TSPO expression was decreased in MI rats. Mitochondrial ultrastructure demonstrated significant swelling and permeability. Conclusion [18F]FEDAC uptake is reduced in the injured myocardium, consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction. These results may provide new evidence to aid the early detection of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with myocardial ischemic injury.

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